This thread will serve as a resourse of information directly related to the subject of blackness & being black in commerce. Black has no standing @ law & ALL the information in this thread will prove such. There is no debate just facts & law. .....
http://old-engli.sh/dictionary.php
Black means to make Pale, to glisten, to bleach, to shine
blác []1.adjbright, shining, glittering, flashing; pale, pallid, wan;2.past 3rdsing ofblícan
blacseeblæc
bláchléor1[]adjwith pale cheeks
blácian []wv/t2to turn pale
blácung []f(-e/-a) a turning pale, pallor
Translation dictionary
http://www.majstro.com/Web/Majstro/adict.php?gebrTaal=eng&bronTaal=eng&doelTaal=ang&teVertalen=White
White means black
BARACK OBAMA SAYS BLACK HAS NO STANDING AT LAW
https://me.me/i/barack-obama-says-black-has-no-standing-at-law-past-7382543
TOM JOYNER INTERVIEWS PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA ON HIS MORNING SHOW' AND GREETS HIM BY SAYING IT'S OUR FIRST BLACK PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES PRESIDENT OBAMA REPLIES, TOM I DON'T LOOK AT MYSELF AS THE FIRST BLACK PRESIDENT BECAUSE THE WORD BLACK' HAS NO STANDING AT LAW
The U.S. Census Bureau - What is race -
https://www.census.gov/topics/population/race/about.html
White – A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa.
Black or African American – A person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa. (there are none)
American Indian or Alaska Native – A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America) and who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment.
Asian – A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander – A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands.
IPEDS
https://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/report-your-data/race-ethnicity-definitions
Definitions for New Race and Ethnicity Categories
Race/ethnicity (new definition)
Categories developed in 1997 by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) that are used to describe groups to which individuals belong, identify with, or belong in the eyes of the community. The categories do not denote scientific definitions of anthropological origins. The designations are used to categorize U.S. citizens, resident aliens, and other eligible non-citizens. Individuals are asked to first designate ethnicity as:
Background
Dr. Mostafa Hefny is an Egyptian Nubain and a naturalized US citizen. He is a black man who is politically and ideologically Afrocentric Pan-African; however, he is legally classified as white by the US government. For the past 28 years he has been fighting to have his racial classification changed from white to black. He is currently organizing hundreds of other Egyptian Nubian's in the US who are also classified as white so that they will file a class action lawsuit against the US government to have their racial classification changed from white to black. Egyptian Nubian's are classified as white by the US government according to Directive No. 15 of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB).
Dr. Hefny was a Bilingual Resource Teacher with Wayne County Regional Education Service Agency (Wayne County RESA) in Wayne, MI, USA for thirteen (13) years. When he stated on his employment records that he is black the Director of Human Resources sent him a letter which was copied to the Superintendent threatening him that his education career will be ruined if he did not change his racial classification on his employment records from black to white. A few days later one of the top administrators told him "If you ever say that you are black again no one will hire you and if hired you will be running from one job to the other for the rest of your life". Even though Wayne County RESA provides support and consultant services to all of Wayne County which is 30% black, the Superintendent was white, his four Associate Superintendents were white, and 95% of the administrators and consultants were white.
Wayne County RESA did not fire Dr. Hefny, instead they denied him promotion twice, persecuted him, harassed him, called him ******, and psychologically tortured him to the point that he left on social security psychiatric disability which lasted ten (10) years (1989-1998.) Additionally, he was hospitalized in psychiatric hospitals twice(1992 & 2000.) All the doctors who treated Dr. Hefny stated in their medical reports that his psychiatric injury was work related. When Dr. Hefny recovered and returned to the work force Wayne County RESA followed up on their threats and he was fired five times in one year.
Dr. Hefny filed two EEOC discrimination charges against Wayne County RESA, but both of them were dismissed through ingenious manipulations without reviewing his evidence due to the high level connections of the leaders of Wayne County RESA. Dr. Hefny also filed five complaints with the US Attorney General against Wayne County RESA between 1989 to 1991, but no investigation was ever conducted due to the high level connection of the leaders of Wayne County RESA.
In 1997, Dr. Hefny hired an attorney to file a lawsuit against the U.S. Government to have his racial classification changed from White to Black. His attorney prepared the complaint and had Dr. Hefny review and approve it. However, six months later his attorney refused to file the case in court alleging he was receiving tremendous pressure not to file it in court and that he risks being disbarred if he filed it.
Dr. Hefny requested a refund for the retainer fee; however, his attorney refused to refund the retainer. Dr. Hefny no longer had the financial means to hire another lawyer, so he filed the complaint in court and represented himself and challenged the Federal Law directive No.15 that classifies Egyptian Nubian's as White. In 1998 this lawsuit was dismissed without prejudice and the court order stated "Plaintiff may file a new action once Standing is established."
Between 2003 and 2004, Dr. Hefny sent the U.S. Government's Attorney for this case seven letters proposing an out of court settlement in which Dr. Hefny would Receive NO MONEY, or anything else except his Black Classification. The U.S. Government Attorney did not respond to any of the seven letters.
Dr. Hefny sent President Obama a certified letter regarding the ordeal over Directive No. 15 classifying Egyptian Nubian's as White and not Black. This letter was received by the White House on July 12, 2012, but neither the President nor his staff responded to the letter. Additionally, Dr. Hefny sent a certified letter to First Lady Michelle Obama and a copy of the letter sent to President Obama requesting her to forward the letter to President . This letter was received by the White House on September 27, 2012, and no a response was received from neither the First Lady Michelle Obama or her staff.
Furthermore, Dr. Hefny sent his congressman Mr. John Conyers five letters asking him to introduce a bill in congress to include the Egyptian Nubian's in the definition of "Black Person" in Directive No.15 of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). Congressman Conyers nor his staff responded to Dr. Hefny's letters or the five phone calls made to the congressman's office.
As a show of support in 2012 and in 2013, Dr. Hefny had over One Hundred African American Pastors write Congressman Conyers asking him to hand deliver Dr. Hefny's letter to President Obama. Congressman Conyers refused to hand deliver the letter.
In 2014 Dr. Hefny had six African American civil rights leaders and pastors write congressman Conyers asking him to once more introduce a Bill in congress to include the Egyptian Nubian's in the definition of "Black Person" in directive No. 15 of the OMB; nonetheless, Congressman Conyers refused to do so once again.
It is clear that both the Executive and the Legislative Branches of the U.S. government want to destroy the Nubian identity and Nubian Culture, by forcing Egyptian Nubian's to assimilate as Whites.
Dr. Hefny desires the US government to reclassify all Egyptian Nubian's residing in the United States of America as a Blacks instead of White under Directive No. 15 of the OMB. He also wants his complaints against Wayne County RESA with the US Attorney General to be investigated by the book, as well as his two EEOC discrimination charges against Wayne County RESA investigated by the book. Dr. Hefny has twenty pages of events of discrimination and harassment by Wayne County RESA and sixty six exhibits supporting all his claims that he would like to submit to the US Attorney General for review. Dr. Hefny wants the UN Commissioner on Human Rights to have the U.S. Government reclassify Egyptian Nubian's as Black and not White in the U.S.
youtube video
The Color Psychology of Black
How Colors Impact Moods, Feelings, and Behaviors
Notice how black is used in the above image. How does it make you feel? What associations do you have with black? While black has different symbolic meanings, individual reactions to the color black can vary widely.
"Black is real sensation, even if it is produced by entire absence of light. The sensation of black is distinctly different from the lack of all sensation." ~ Hermann von Helmholz, German scientist
The Color Psychology of Black
According to color psychology, these are the characteristics of black:
Blackabsorbs all lightin the color spectrum.
Black is often used as asymbol of menace or evil, but it's also popular as an indicator of power. It's used to represent treacherous characters such as Dracula and is often associated with witchcraft.
Black is associated with death and mourning in many cultures. It's also associated with unhappiness, sexuality, formality, and sophistication.
In ancient Egypt, black represents life and rebirth.
Black is often used in fashion because of its slimming quality.
Consider how black is used in language: Black Death, blackout, black cat, blacklist, black market, black tie, black belt.
Black in Marketing
In marketing and branding psychology, black is associated with boldness, formality, mystery, strength, luxuriousness, and seriousness. Famous brands that utilize black in their logos and marketing are Blackberry, Tiffany & Co., Apple, Disney, Nike, Gillette, Adidas, Sony, Ralph Lauren, and MTV. Besides being sleek, black is versatile and can be combined with any other color.
A Preference for Black
People's preference for certain colors is based on a whole host of factors such as environment,personality, experience, economic status, and upbringing. One recentstudyon color preference in adults found that out of 18 total colors, including no preference, black ranked number 13 as adults' favorite color overall. However, when it comes to clothing, black was ranked as the number one favorite color for both genders combined. Interestingly, black got first place because 40 percent of the females chose black as number one compared to only 16 percent of males, who ranked it as their fourth favorite clothing color.
How Colors Impact Moods, Feelings, and Behaviors
Do you feel anxious in a yellow room? Does the color blue make you feel calm and relaxed? Artists and interior designers have long believed that color can dramatically affect moods, feelings, and emotions. "Colors, like features, follow the changes of the emotions," the artist Pablo Picasso once remarked.
Color is a powerful communication tool and can be used to signal action, influence mood, and even influence physiological reactions. Certain colors have been associated with increased blood pressure, increased metabolism, and eyestrain.
So how exactly does color work? How is color believed to impact mood and behavior?
What Is Color Psychology?
In 1666, English scientist Sir Isaac Newton discovered that when pure white light passes through a prism, it separates into all of the visible colors. Newton also found that each color is made up of a single wavelength and cannot be separated any further into other colors.
Further experiments demonstrated that light could be combined to form other colors. For example, red light mixed with yellow light creates an orange color. Some colors, such as green and magenta, cancel each other out when mixed and result in a white light.
If you have ever painted, then you have probably noticed how certain colors can be mixed to create other colors.
"Given the prevalence of color, one would expect color psychology to be a well-developed area," researchers Andrew Elliot and Markus Maier have noted. "Surprisingly, little theoretical or empirical work has been conducted to date on color's influence on psychological functioning, and the work that has been done has been driven mostly by practical concerns, not scientific rigor."
Despite the general lack of research in this area, the concept of color psychology has become a hot topic in marketing, art, design, and other areas. Much of the evidence in this emerging area is anecdotal at best, but researchers and experts have made a few important discoveries and observations about the psychology of color and the effect it has on moods, feelings, and behaviors.
Your feelings about color are often deeply personal and rooted in your own experience or culture. For example, while the color white is used in many Western countries to represent purity and innocence, it is seen as a symbol of mourning in many Eastern countries.
The Psychological Effects of Color
Why is color such a powerful force in our lives? What effects can it have on our bodies and minds?
While perceptions of color are somewhat subjective, there are some color effects that have universal meaning. Colors in the red area of the color spectrum are known as warm colors and include red, orange, and yellow. These warm colors evoke emotions ranging from feelings of warmth and comfort to feelings of anger and hostility.
Colors on the blue side of the spectrum are known as cool colors and include blue, purple, and green. These colors are often described as calm, but can also call to mind feelings of sadness or indifference.
How do people respond to different colors? Selecta color below to learn more about the possible effects and find reactions from other readers:
Black
White
Red
Blue
Green
Yellow
Purple
Brown
Orange
Pink
Color Psychology as Therapy
Several ancient cultures, including the Egyptians and Chinese, practiced chromotherapy, or the use of colors to heal.Chromotherapyis sometimes referred to as light therapy or colorology and is still used today as a holistic or alternative treatment.
In this treatment:
Red was used to stimulate the body and mind and to increase circulation.
Yellow was thought to stimulate the nerves and purify the body.
Orange was used to heal the lungs and to increase energy levels.
Blue was believed to soothe illnesses and treat pain.
Indigo shades were thought to alleviate skin problems.
Modern Research on Color Psychology
Most psychologists view color therapy with skepticism and point out that the supposed effects of color are often grossly exaggerated. Colors also have different meanings in different cultures.
Research has demonstrated in many cases that the mood-altering effects of color may only be temporary. A blue room may initially cause feelings of calm, but the effect dissipates after a short period of time.
However, the existing research has found that color can impact people in a variety of surprising ways:
One studyfound that warm-colored placebo pills were reported as more effective than cool-colored placebo pills.
Anecdotal evidence has suggested that installing blue-colored streetlights can lead to reduced crime in those areas.
More recently,researchers discoveredthat the color red causes people to react with greater speed and force, something that might prove useful during athletic activities.
Astudy that looked at historical datafound that sports teams dressed in mostly black uniforms are more likely to receive penalties and that students were more likely to associate negative qualities with a player wearing a black uniform.
Color Can Influence Performance
Studies have also shown that certain colors can have an impact on performance. No one likes to see a graded test covered in red ink, butone studyfound that seeing the color red before taking an exam actually hurt test performance. While the color red is often described as threatening, arousing or exciting, many previous studies on the impact of the color red have been largely inconclusive. The study found, however, that exposing students to the color red prior to an exam has been shown to have a negative impact on test performance.
In the first of the six experiments described in the study, 71 U.S. colleges students were presented with a participant number colored either red, green or black prior to taking a five-minute test. The results revealed that students who were presented with the red number before taking the test scored more than 20 percent lower than those presented with the green and black numbers
Color and Consumer Purchases
Color psychology suggests that various shades can have a wide range of effects, from boosting our moods to causing anxiety. But could the color of the products you purchase ever say something about your personality? For example, could the color of the car you buy somehow relate to some underlying personality traits or quirks?
Your color preferences why buying items might say something about the type of image you may be trying to project. Color preferences, from the clothes you wear to the car you drive, can sometimes make a statement about how we want other people to perceive us. Other factors such as age and gender can also influence the color choices we make.
White: As many of our readers have suggested, the color white can feel fresh and clean. The color is often used to evoke a sense of youth and modernity.
Black: Our readers often describe black as a "powerful" color, which might be the reason why black is the most popular color for luxury vehicles. People often describe the color as sexy, powerful, mysterious, and even ominous.
Silver: It's the third most popular color for vehicles and linked to a sense of innovation and modernity. High tech products are often silver, so the color is often linked to things that are new, modern, and cutting-edge.
Red: Dreaming of a red vehicle? Red is a bold, attention-getting color, so preferring this type of car might mean you want to project an image of power, action, and confidence.
Blue: People often describe blue as the color of stability and safety. Driving a blue car or SUV might indicate that you are dependable and trustworthy.
Yellow: According to the experts, driving a yellow vehicle might mean that you are a happy person in general and perhaps a bit more willing than the average person to take risks.
Gray: The experts suggest that people who drive gray cars don't want to stand out and instead prefer something a bit more subtle.
Of course, the color selections we make are often influenced by factors including price, selection, and other practical concerns. Not only that, but color preferences can also change in time. A person might prefer brighter, more attention-getting colors when they are younger, but find themselves drawn to more traditional colors as they grow older. The personality of the buyer can play an important role in color selection, but buyers are often heavily influenced by factors such as price as well as availability.
For example, purchasing a white vehicle might be less about wanting people to think that you are young and modern and more about the climate you live in; people who live in hot climates typically prefer light colored vehicles over dark ones.
Leper Supremacy Definiton
A BETTER definition than Dr.Cress Welsing's White Supremacy definition from her Book " The ISIS Papers".
BLACKS IN LAW DRED SCOTT DECISION
http://old-engli.sh/dictionary.php
Black means to make Pale, to glisten, to bleach, to shine
blác []1.adjbright, shining, glittering, flashing; pale, pallid, wan;2.past 3rdsing ofblícan
blacseeblæc
bláchléor1[]adjwith pale cheeks
blácian []wv/t2to turn pale
blácung []f(-e/-a) a turning pale, pallor
Translation dictionary
http://www.majstro.com/Web/Majstro/adict.php?gebrTaal=eng&bronTaal=eng&doelTaal=ang&teVertalen=White
White means black
BARACK OBAMA SAYS BLACK HAS NO STANDING AT LAW
https://me.me/i/barack-obama-says-black-has-no-standing-at-law-past-7382543
TOM JOYNER INTERVIEWS PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA ON HIS MORNING SHOW' AND GREETS HIM BY SAYING IT'S OUR FIRST BLACK PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES PRESIDENT OBAMA REPLIES, TOM I DON'T LOOK AT MYSELF AS THE FIRST BLACK PRESIDENT BECAUSE THE WORD BLACK' HAS NO STANDING AT LAW
The U.S. Census Bureau - What is race -
https://www.census.gov/topics/population/race/about.html
White – A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa.
Black or African American – A person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa. (there are none)
American Indian or Alaska Native – A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America) and who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment.
Asian – A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander – A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands.
IPEDS
https://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/report-your-data/race-ethnicity-definitions
Definitions for New Race and Ethnicity Categories
Race/ethnicity (new definition)
Categories developed in 1997 by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) that are used to describe groups to which individuals belong, identify with, or belong in the eyes of the community. The categories do not denote scientific definitions of anthropological origins. The designations are used to categorize U.S. citizens, resident aliens, and other eligible non-citizens. Individuals are asked to first designate ethnicity as:
- Hispanic or Latino or
- Not Hispanic or Latino
- American Indian or Alaska Native
- Asian
- Black or African American
- Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
- White
Background
Dr. Mostafa Hefny is an Egyptian Nubain and a naturalized US citizen. He is a black man who is politically and ideologically Afrocentric Pan-African; however, he is legally classified as white by the US government. For the past 28 years he has been fighting to have his racial classification changed from white to black. He is currently organizing hundreds of other Egyptian Nubian's in the US who are also classified as white so that they will file a class action lawsuit against the US government to have their racial classification changed from white to black. Egyptian Nubian's are classified as white by the US government according to Directive No. 15 of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB).
Dr. Hefny was a Bilingual Resource Teacher with Wayne County Regional Education Service Agency (Wayne County RESA) in Wayne, MI, USA for thirteen (13) years. When he stated on his employment records that he is black the Director of Human Resources sent him a letter which was copied to the Superintendent threatening him that his education career will be ruined if he did not change his racial classification on his employment records from black to white. A few days later one of the top administrators told him "If you ever say that you are black again no one will hire you and if hired you will be running from one job to the other for the rest of your life". Even though Wayne County RESA provides support and consultant services to all of Wayne County which is 30% black, the Superintendent was white, his four Associate Superintendents were white, and 95% of the administrators and consultants were white.
Wayne County RESA did not fire Dr. Hefny, instead they denied him promotion twice, persecuted him, harassed him, called him ******, and psychologically tortured him to the point that he left on social security psychiatric disability which lasted ten (10) years (1989-1998.) Additionally, he was hospitalized in psychiatric hospitals twice(1992 & 2000.) All the doctors who treated Dr. Hefny stated in their medical reports that his psychiatric injury was work related. When Dr. Hefny recovered and returned to the work force Wayne County RESA followed up on their threats and he was fired five times in one year.
Dr. Hefny filed two EEOC discrimination charges against Wayne County RESA, but both of them were dismissed through ingenious manipulations without reviewing his evidence due to the high level connections of the leaders of Wayne County RESA. Dr. Hefny also filed five complaints with the US Attorney General against Wayne County RESA between 1989 to 1991, but no investigation was ever conducted due to the high level connection of the leaders of Wayne County RESA.
In 1997, Dr. Hefny hired an attorney to file a lawsuit against the U.S. Government to have his racial classification changed from White to Black. His attorney prepared the complaint and had Dr. Hefny review and approve it. However, six months later his attorney refused to file the case in court alleging he was receiving tremendous pressure not to file it in court and that he risks being disbarred if he filed it.
Dr. Hefny requested a refund for the retainer fee; however, his attorney refused to refund the retainer. Dr. Hefny no longer had the financial means to hire another lawyer, so he filed the complaint in court and represented himself and challenged the Federal Law directive No.15 that classifies Egyptian Nubian's as White. In 1998 this lawsuit was dismissed without prejudice and the court order stated "Plaintiff may file a new action once Standing is established."
Between 2003 and 2004, Dr. Hefny sent the U.S. Government's Attorney for this case seven letters proposing an out of court settlement in which Dr. Hefny would Receive NO MONEY, or anything else except his Black Classification. The U.S. Government Attorney did not respond to any of the seven letters.
Dr. Hefny sent President Obama a certified letter regarding the ordeal over Directive No. 15 classifying Egyptian Nubian's as White and not Black. This letter was received by the White House on July 12, 2012, but neither the President nor his staff responded to the letter. Additionally, Dr. Hefny sent a certified letter to First Lady Michelle Obama and a copy of the letter sent to President Obama requesting her to forward the letter to President . This letter was received by the White House on September 27, 2012, and no a response was received from neither the First Lady Michelle Obama or her staff.
Furthermore, Dr. Hefny sent his congressman Mr. John Conyers five letters asking him to introduce a bill in congress to include the Egyptian Nubian's in the definition of "Black Person" in Directive No.15 of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). Congressman Conyers nor his staff responded to Dr. Hefny's letters or the five phone calls made to the congressman's office.
As a show of support in 2012 and in 2013, Dr. Hefny had over One Hundred African American Pastors write Congressman Conyers asking him to hand deliver Dr. Hefny's letter to President Obama. Congressman Conyers refused to hand deliver the letter.
In 2014 Dr. Hefny had six African American civil rights leaders and pastors write congressman Conyers asking him to once more introduce a Bill in congress to include the Egyptian Nubian's in the definition of "Black Person" in directive No. 15 of the OMB; nonetheless, Congressman Conyers refused to do so once again.
It is clear that both the Executive and the Legislative Branches of the U.S. government want to destroy the Nubian identity and Nubian Culture, by forcing Egyptian Nubian's to assimilate as Whites.
Dr. Hefny desires the US government to reclassify all Egyptian Nubian's residing in the United States of America as a Blacks instead of White under Directive No. 15 of the OMB. He also wants his complaints against Wayne County RESA with the US Attorney General to be investigated by the book, as well as his two EEOC discrimination charges against Wayne County RESA investigated by the book. Dr. Hefny has twenty pages of events of discrimination and harassment by Wayne County RESA and sixty six exhibits supporting all his claims that he would like to submit to the US Attorney General for review. Dr. Hefny wants the UN Commissioner on Human Rights to have the U.S. Government reclassify Egyptian Nubian's as Black and not White in the U.S.
youtube video
The Color Psychology of Black
How Colors Impact Moods, Feelings, and Behaviors
Notice how black is used in the above image. How does it make you feel? What associations do you have with black? While black has different symbolic meanings, individual reactions to the color black can vary widely.
"Black is real sensation, even if it is produced by entire absence of light. The sensation of black is distinctly different from the lack of all sensation." ~ Hermann von Helmholz, German scientist
The Color Psychology of Black
According to color psychology, these are the characteristics of black:
Blackabsorbs all lightin the color spectrum.
Black is often used as asymbol of menace or evil, but it's also popular as an indicator of power. It's used to represent treacherous characters such as Dracula and is often associated with witchcraft.
Black is associated with death and mourning in many cultures. It's also associated with unhappiness, sexuality, formality, and sophistication.
In ancient Egypt, black represents life and rebirth.
Black is often used in fashion because of its slimming quality.
Consider how black is used in language: Black Death, blackout, black cat, blacklist, black market, black tie, black belt.
Black in Marketing
In marketing and branding psychology, black is associated with boldness, formality, mystery, strength, luxuriousness, and seriousness. Famous brands that utilize black in their logos and marketing are Blackberry, Tiffany & Co., Apple, Disney, Nike, Gillette, Adidas, Sony, Ralph Lauren, and MTV. Besides being sleek, black is versatile and can be combined with any other color.
A Preference for Black
People's preference for certain colors is based on a whole host of factors such as environment,personality, experience, economic status, and upbringing. One recentstudyon color preference in adults found that out of 18 total colors, including no preference, black ranked number 13 as adults' favorite color overall. However, when it comes to clothing, black was ranked as the number one favorite color for both genders combined. Interestingly, black got first place because 40 percent of the females chose black as number one compared to only 16 percent of males, who ranked it as their fourth favorite clothing color.
How Colors Impact Moods, Feelings, and Behaviors
Do you feel anxious in a yellow room? Does the color blue make you feel calm and relaxed? Artists and interior designers have long believed that color can dramatically affect moods, feelings, and emotions. "Colors, like features, follow the changes of the emotions," the artist Pablo Picasso once remarked.
Color is a powerful communication tool and can be used to signal action, influence mood, and even influence physiological reactions. Certain colors have been associated with increased blood pressure, increased metabolism, and eyestrain.
So how exactly does color work? How is color believed to impact mood and behavior?
What Is Color Psychology?
In 1666, English scientist Sir Isaac Newton discovered that when pure white light passes through a prism, it separates into all of the visible colors. Newton also found that each color is made up of a single wavelength and cannot be separated any further into other colors.
Further experiments demonstrated that light could be combined to form other colors. For example, red light mixed with yellow light creates an orange color. Some colors, such as green and magenta, cancel each other out when mixed and result in a white light.
If you have ever painted, then you have probably noticed how certain colors can be mixed to create other colors.
"Given the prevalence of color, one would expect color psychology to be a well-developed area," researchers Andrew Elliot and Markus Maier have noted. "Surprisingly, little theoretical or empirical work has been conducted to date on color's influence on psychological functioning, and the work that has been done has been driven mostly by practical concerns, not scientific rigor."
Despite the general lack of research in this area, the concept of color psychology has become a hot topic in marketing, art, design, and other areas. Much of the evidence in this emerging area is anecdotal at best, but researchers and experts have made a few important discoveries and observations about the psychology of color and the effect it has on moods, feelings, and behaviors.
Your feelings about color are often deeply personal and rooted in your own experience or culture. For example, while the color white is used in many Western countries to represent purity and innocence, it is seen as a symbol of mourning in many Eastern countries.
The Psychological Effects of Color
Why is color such a powerful force in our lives? What effects can it have on our bodies and minds?
While perceptions of color are somewhat subjective, there are some color effects that have universal meaning. Colors in the red area of the color spectrum are known as warm colors and include red, orange, and yellow. These warm colors evoke emotions ranging from feelings of warmth and comfort to feelings of anger and hostility.
Colors on the blue side of the spectrum are known as cool colors and include blue, purple, and green. These colors are often described as calm, but can also call to mind feelings of sadness or indifference.
How do people respond to different colors? Selecta color below to learn more about the possible effects and find reactions from other readers:
Black
White
Red
Blue
Green
Yellow
Purple
Brown
Orange
Pink
Color Psychology as Therapy
Several ancient cultures, including the Egyptians and Chinese, practiced chromotherapy, or the use of colors to heal.Chromotherapyis sometimes referred to as light therapy or colorology and is still used today as a holistic or alternative treatment.
In this treatment:
Red was used to stimulate the body and mind and to increase circulation.
Yellow was thought to stimulate the nerves and purify the body.
Orange was used to heal the lungs and to increase energy levels.
Blue was believed to soothe illnesses and treat pain.
Indigo shades were thought to alleviate skin problems.
Modern Research on Color Psychology
Most psychologists view color therapy with skepticism and point out that the supposed effects of color are often grossly exaggerated. Colors also have different meanings in different cultures.
Research has demonstrated in many cases that the mood-altering effects of color may only be temporary. A blue room may initially cause feelings of calm, but the effect dissipates after a short period of time.
However, the existing research has found that color can impact people in a variety of surprising ways:
One studyfound that warm-colored placebo pills were reported as more effective than cool-colored placebo pills.
Anecdotal evidence has suggested that installing blue-colored streetlights can lead to reduced crime in those areas.
More recently,researchers discoveredthat the color red causes people to react with greater speed and force, something that might prove useful during athletic activities.
Astudy that looked at historical datafound that sports teams dressed in mostly black uniforms are more likely to receive penalties and that students were more likely to associate negative qualities with a player wearing a black uniform.
Color Can Influence Performance
Studies have also shown that certain colors can have an impact on performance. No one likes to see a graded test covered in red ink, butone studyfound that seeing the color red before taking an exam actually hurt test performance. While the color red is often described as threatening, arousing or exciting, many previous studies on the impact of the color red have been largely inconclusive. The study found, however, that exposing students to the color red prior to an exam has been shown to have a negative impact on test performance.
In the first of the six experiments described in the study, 71 U.S. colleges students were presented with a participant number colored either red, green or black prior to taking a five-minute test. The results revealed that students who were presented with the red number before taking the test scored more than 20 percent lower than those presented with the green and black numbers
Color and Consumer Purchases
Color psychology suggests that various shades can have a wide range of effects, from boosting our moods to causing anxiety. But could the color of the products you purchase ever say something about your personality? For example, could the color of the car you buy somehow relate to some underlying personality traits or quirks?
Your color preferences why buying items might say something about the type of image you may be trying to project. Color preferences, from the clothes you wear to the car you drive, can sometimes make a statement about how we want other people to perceive us. Other factors such as age and gender can also influence the color choices we make.
White: As many of our readers have suggested, the color white can feel fresh and clean. The color is often used to evoke a sense of youth and modernity.
Black: Our readers often describe black as a "powerful" color, which might be the reason why black is the most popular color for luxury vehicles. People often describe the color as sexy, powerful, mysterious, and even ominous.
Silver: It's the third most popular color for vehicles and linked to a sense of innovation and modernity. High tech products are often silver, so the color is often linked to things that are new, modern, and cutting-edge.
Red: Dreaming of a red vehicle? Red is a bold, attention-getting color, so preferring this type of car might mean you want to project an image of power, action, and confidence.
Blue: People often describe blue as the color of stability and safety. Driving a blue car or SUV might indicate that you are dependable and trustworthy.
Yellow: According to the experts, driving a yellow vehicle might mean that you are a happy person in general and perhaps a bit more willing than the average person to take risks.
Gray: The experts suggest that people who drive gray cars don't want to stand out and instead prefer something a bit more subtle.
Of course, the color selections we make are often influenced by factors including price, selection, and other practical concerns. Not only that, but color preferences can also change in time. A person might prefer brighter, more attention-getting colors when they are younger, but find themselves drawn to more traditional colors as they grow older. The personality of the buyer can play an important role in color selection, but buyers are often heavily influenced by factors such as price as well as availability.
For example, purchasing a white vehicle might be less about wanting people to think that you are young and modern and more about the climate you live in; people who live in hot climates typically prefer light colored vehicles over dark ones.
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