eye tracking study Of preschool teachers
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Yale study suggests racial bias among preschool teachers
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By Emma Brown
September 27, 2016 at 7:30 p.m. EDT
Yale University researchers say their new study shows how deeply ingrained our racial biases are.
Why are black preschoolers in America more than three times as likely to be suspended than their white classmates?
Perhaps because teachers are more likely to expect young black children — especially young black boys — to misbehave, according to a new Yale study.
The study, conducted by researchers at the Yale University Child Study Center, asked more than 130 preschool teachers to watch video clips of children in classrooms. The teachers were told to look for signs of “challenging behavior.”
The children in the videos were actors, and the clips did not actually show any challenging behaviors. But the teachers didn’t know that. They were anticipating trouble. And as they scanned the video clips, looking for signs of that trouble, they spent more time looking at black children than white children, according to equipment that tracked their gaze.
The teachers spent even longer looking at black boys.
That’s a sign that teachers expect problems from black children, and especially black boys, said lead researcher and Yale child psychology professor Walter S. Gilliam. It’s a finding that shows how deeply rooted racial biases are, he said, and how badly teachers need training to confront and unravel the knee-jerk perceptions of their students — perceptions they often don’t even realize they have.
“Implicit biases do not begin with black men and police. They begin with black preschoolers and their teachers, if not earlier,” he said, referring to the multiple fatal shootings of black men by police that have given rise to the Black Lives Matter movement and a national debate about law enforcement’s treatment of people of color. “Implicit bias is like the wind: You can’t see it, but you can sure see its effects.”
Black children accounted for 19 percent of all preschool students in 2013-2014, but they made up 47 percent of those who received suspensions, according to federal civil rights data.
Five eye-opening figures from the U.S. Education Department’s latest civil rights data dump
The study also asked teachers to complete a second task: Read a vignette about a student misbehaving in class, then rate the severity of misbehavior and decide whether the misbehavior warranted suspension, expulsion or neither.
Researchers told some of the teachers that the child’s name was DeShawn or Latoya, stereotypical black names; others heard that the child’s name was Jake or Emily, stereotypical white names. Again, researchers found that teachers’ responses differed by race: White teachers were more lenient on children they perceived as black, while black teachers were harsher.
Teachers weren’t asked to explain their ratings. But researchers said that the racial differences in their response are consistent with the theory that white teachers see black preschoolers as more likely to misbehave, so they don’t see a black child’s misbehavior as severe.
Some teachers received background information about the child’s difficult family life, to test whether such additional information might spur a more empathetic response. The empathy kicked in only when the teacher and the child shared the same race, the study found.
Linda K. Smith, who coordinates policy for Head Start in the Obama administration’s Department of Health and Human Services, said that the study offered a tough but important message for the field of early childhood education, given its roots in social justice and the notion that all children have great potential.
Only one of the 135 teachers involved in the study asked to withdraw her data after learning the real purpose of the research. Smith said that is a sign that early childhood educators are committed to the uncomfortable job of facing their own biases.
“It’s something probably we all didn’t want to hear, but we needed to know,” she said.
The study was funded by the W.K. Kellogg Foundation and is expected to be released Wednesday at a meeting of state Head Start administrators.
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Yale Looks at Implicit Biases Among Preschool Teachers
Preschool expulsions are a troubling reality for too many young children, particularly African-American boys. To learn more about the possible role of teachers’ bias in these expulsions, Yale Unive…
eyeonearlyeducation.org
Yale study reveals racial bias among preschool teachers
Amanda Cuda
Sep. 28, 2016Updated: Sep. 29, 2016 4:53 p.m.
1of9Figures from Yale School of Medicine's study on Implicit bias in preschool
Which students are preschool teachers watching?
Black males: 42 percent
White males: 34 percent
Black females: 10 percent
White females: 13 percent
Source: Research brief: Do Early Educators’ Implicit Biases Regarding Sex and Race Relate to Behavior Expectations and Recommendations of Preschool Expulsions and Suspensions?
Sean Gallup/Getty ImagesShow More
In analyzing 132 staff members of early childhood programs, most of whom were teachers, researchers found that most had “a tendency to more closely observe blacks and especially black boys when challenging behaviors are expected.”
But the team also found that black teachers hold black students to a higher standard of behaviors than white teachers do, and were more likely to punish them harshly.
The findings may help explain why black children are suspended at a higher rate than their white counterparts, said Walter S. Gilliam, one of five researchers on the project. According to the U.S. Department of Education, black children make up only 19 percent of preschool enrollment, but comprise 47 percent of preschoolers suspended one or more times.
“Implicit bias is like the wind — you can not see it, but you can see the effects of it,” said Gilliam, director of the Edward Zigler Center in Child Development and Social Policy and associate professor of Child Psychiatry and Psychology at the Yale Child Study Center. “Early educators are not immune to implicit biases. No one is.”
https://www.ctpost.com/news/article/Tattoo-studio-proposed-for-Barnum-Avenue-17371473.php
The two-part Yale study, conducted in 2015, used eye-tracking technology to discern potential bias in study subjects. The majority of participants — 94 percent — were female, and most of them identified as either white (almost 67 percent) or black (22 percent). Participants came from around the country and were selected from educators who participated in the 2015 annual meeting of the National Association for the Education of Young Children.
In the first part of the study, the participants watched videos of classroom behavior while the eye-tracking equipment figured out which children they were watching. The educators were told that researchers wanted to see how quickly they could accurately detect challenging behavior.
The teachers watched a total of 12 clips that featured a black boy, a black girl, a white boy and a white girl. There was no challenging behavior actually depicted in the videos. However, the educators spent significantly more time look at the black students in the videos while anticipating challenging behavior, and black educators spent much more time staring specifically at black boys.
In the second part of the study, educators read stories detailing incidents of misbehavior in the classroom. The researchers used some names for characters that they knew would be more likely to be perceived as belonging to black students (such as DeShawn) and some that would be more likely to be interpreted as belonging to white students (such as Jake). After reading each story, teachers were asked to rate the severity of the misbehavior, and the likelihood that they would recommend suspension or expulsion.
Researchers found that white teachers rated the severity of black students’ behavior more leniently, while black teachers rated it more harshly.
Theorizing about causes
All the teachers who participated in the study were given a chance not to have their data used once they learned what once being study. Only one teacher declined to participate.
Though the study didn’t explore why these biases might exist, Gilliam theorizes that black educators might feel that treating black students more harshly will more adequately prepare them for a harsh world. White teachers, meanwhile, may hold a stereotyped belief that black preschoolers are more likely to misbehave in the first place, and judge them more leniently.
Whatever the reasons, Gilliam said the study shows that these biases need to be brought to light and addressed.
“Teachers may benefit from increased training and ongoing guidance,” he said.
At least one researcher from another university in the state said the results are unsettling, but not surprising. Heather LaSelle, a Ph.D. student at the University of Connecticut, said she’s planning a research project on bias in education, a trend she’s noticed as well.
LaSelle, also a licensed clinical social worker, said she began noticing these kinds of disparities during her tenure with the state Department of Children and Families. During that time, she saw that children of color were disproportionately referred to DCF.
Though the Yale study pointed out that black educators might be disciplining black students more harshly, LaSelle said she still believe more diversity in education would make a difference in stemming disparities in suspensions and expulsions.
“We have school districts in Connecticut that have zero teachers or administrators of color,” she said.
www.ctpost.com
Amanda Cuda
Sep. 28, 2016Updated: Sep. 29, 2016 4:53 p.m.
1of9Figures from Yale School of Medicine's study on Implicit bias in preschool
Which students are preschool teachers watching?
Black males: 42 percent
White males: 34 percent
Black females: 10 percent
White females: 13 percent
Source: Research brief: Do Early Educators’ Implicit Biases Regarding Sex and Race Relate to Behavior Expectations and Recommendations of Preschool Expulsions and Suspensions?
Sean Gallup/Getty ImagesShow More
In analyzing 132 staff members of early childhood programs, most of whom were teachers, researchers found that most had “a tendency to more closely observe blacks and especially black boys when challenging behaviors are expected.”
But the team also found that black teachers hold black students to a higher standard of behaviors than white teachers do, and were more likely to punish them harshly.
The findings may help explain why black children are suspended at a higher rate than their white counterparts, said Walter S. Gilliam, one of five researchers on the project. According to the U.S. Department of Education, black children make up only 19 percent of preschool enrollment, but comprise 47 percent of preschoolers suspended one or more times.
“Implicit bias is like the wind — you can not see it, but you can see the effects of it,” said Gilliam, director of the Edward Zigler Center in Child Development and Social Policy and associate professor of Child Psychiatry and Psychology at the Yale Child Study Center. “Early educators are not immune to implicit biases. No one is.”
https://www.ctpost.com/news/article/Tattoo-studio-proposed-for-Barnum-Avenue-17371473.php
The two-part Yale study, conducted in 2015, used eye-tracking technology to discern potential bias in study subjects. The majority of participants — 94 percent — were female, and most of them identified as either white (almost 67 percent) or black (22 percent). Participants came from around the country and were selected from educators who participated in the 2015 annual meeting of the National Association for the Education of Young Children.
In the first part of the study, the participants watched videos of classroom behavior while the eye-tracking equipment figured out which children they were watching. The educators were told that researchers wanted to see how quickly they could accurately detect challenging behavior.
The teachers watched a total of 12 clips that featured a black boy, a black girl, a white boy and a white girl. There was no challenging behavior actually depicted in the videos. However, the educators spent significantly more time look at the black students in the videos while anticipating challenging behavior, and black educators spent much more time staring specifically at black boys.
In the second part of the study, educators read stories detailing incidents of misbehavior in the classroom. The researchers used some names for characters that they knew would be more likely to be perceived as belonging to black students (such as DeShawn) and some that would be more likely to be interpreted as belonging to white students (such as Jake). After reading each story, teachers were asked to rate the severity of the misbehavior, and the likelihood that they would recommend suspension or expulsion.
Researchers found that white teachers rated the severity of black students’ behavior more leniently, while black teachers rated it more harshly.
Theorizing about causes
All the teachers who participated in the study were given a chance not to have their data used once they learned what once being study. Only one teacher declined to participate.
Though the study didn’t explore why these biases might exist, Gilliam theorizes that black educators might feel that treating black students more harshly will more adequately prepare them for a harsh world. White teachers, meanwhile, may hold a stereotyped belief that black preschoolers are more likely to misbehave in the first place, and judge them more leniently.
Whatever the reasons, Gilliam said the study shows that these biases need to be brought to light and addressed.
“Teachers may benefit from increased training and ongoing guidance,” he said.
At least one researcher from another university in the state said the results are unsettling, but not surprising. Heather LaSelle, a Ph.D. student at the University of Connecticut, said she’s planning a research project on bias in education, a trend she’s noticed as well.
LaSelle, also a licensed clinical social worker, said she began noticing these kinds of disparities during her tenure with the state Department of Children and Families. During that time, she saw that children of color were disproportionately referred to DCF.
Though the Yale study pointed out that black educators might be disciplining black students more harshly, LaSelle said she still believe more diversity in education would make a difference in stemming disparities in suspensions and expulsions.
“We have school districts in Connecticut that have zero teachers or administrators of color,” she said.
Yale study reveals racial bias among preschool teachers
In analyzing 132 staff members of early childhood programs, most of whom were teachers,...
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Recent Books and Publications
Preschool teachers and staff show signs of implicit bias in administering discipline, but the race of the teacher plays a big role in the outcome, according to
medicine.yale.edu
To answer the question at the end of the vid, (how did we get here?) - im of the opinion that we have always been here; there have been multiple studies proving this over the years. I think also with the difficulty in finding teachers now, you may get less qualified people in the classroom that will actually make it worse. Sad but true. If you choose to educate your child in any school system, it's important that you're vigilant and be visible. You dont have to be up at the school everyday but make sure that you're showing face when you can to let them know that you're there. Especially for black boys.
Like Cube said my skin is my sin. Been dark and “dangerous” since 1st grade. shit ain’t new
"The Conspiracy to Destroy Black Boys" by Dr.Jawanza Kunjufu
Their the paid educators that send them off to another system of prison or living below the poverty line being apart of another system that deal with a different educated person called a social worker who shares the same views as the teacher,police,lawyers,judges,prison guards in a field that's predominately white.Most are average white folks who couldn't cut it being super with their white privilege so they do enough to make an ok living but without the "black boy" there wouldn't be as many......this shit has been going on since we were free .
I was speaking about this on here back when I was in high school and how I would verbally lash all of those ignorant ass white teachers about the shit they don't do and about the lack there of bullshit that they do which is called an education;They don't teach you a fucking thing,they just prepare you to pass state mandated test so they can improve on the graduation rate so they can get funding from Uncle Sam that helps pay their salary.
15k per student each year from the time they enter school>......it follows them throughout high school.$69,335 per prisoner>$12.000-$15 government assistance>......Follow the $$$ and this is for your average white person,not bad at all for a motherfucker with a liberal Art degree teaching or better herding out black boys(girls too)into some part of the system
Their the paid educators that send them off to another system of prison or living below the poverty line being apart of another system that deal with a different educated person called a social worker who shares the same views as the teacher,police,lawyers,judges,prison guards in a field that's predominately white.Most are average white folks who couldn't cut it being super with their white privilege so they do enough to make an ok living but without the "black boy" there wouldn't be as many......this shit has been going on since we were free .
I was speaking about this on here back when I was in high school and how I would verbally lash all of those ignorant ass white teachers about the shit they don't do and about the lack there of bullshit that they do which is called an education;They don't teach you a fucking thing,they just prepare you to pass state mandated test so they can improve on the graduation rate so they can get funding from Uncle Sam that helps pay their salary.
15k per student each year from the time they enter school>......it follows them throughout high school.$69,335 per prisoner>$12.000-$15 government assistance>......Follow the $$$ and this is for your average white person,not bad at all for a motherfucker with a liberal Art degree teaching or better herding out black boys(girls too)into some part of the system
I bet the black teachers were watching the black boy like please don't let it be him. Whereas the white teachers are waiting for the black boy to do something wrong and probably can't find anything wrong with white boys.