Harry Belafonte (born
Harold George Bellanfanti Jr.; March 1, 1927 – April 25, 2023
[1]) was an American singer, activist, and actor. As arguably the most successful
Caribbean-American pop star, he popularized Jamaican mento folk songs which was marketed as Trinbagonian
Calypso musical style with an international audience in the 1950s. His breakthrough album
Calypso (1956) was the first million-selling
LP by a single artist.
[2]
Belafonte was best known for his recordings of "
The Banana Boat Song", with its signature "Day-O" lyric, "
Jump in the Line", and "
Jamaica Farewell". He recorded and performed in many genres, including
blues,
folk,
gospel,
show tunes, and
American standards. He also starred in several films, including
Carmen Jones (1954),
Island in the Sun (1957), and
Odds Against Tomorrow (1959).
Belafonte considered the actor, singer and activist
Paul Robeson a mentor, and he was a close confidant of
Martin Luther King Jr. during the
Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. As he later recalled, "Paul Robeson had been my first great formative influence; you might say he gave me my backbone. Martin King was the second; he nourished my soul."
[3] Throughout his career, Belafonte was an advocate for political and humanitarian causes, such as the
Anti-Apartheid Movement and
USA for Africa. From 1987 until his death, he was a
UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador.
[4] He was a vocal critic of the policies of the
George W. Bush presidential administrations. Belafonte acted as the
American Civil Liberties Union celebrity ambassador for juvenile justice issues.
[5]
Belafonte won three
Grammy Awards (including a
Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award), an
Emmy Award,
[6] and a
Tony Award. In 1989, he received the
Kennedy Center Honors. He was awarded the
National Medal of Arts in 1994. In 2014, he received the
Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award at the Academy's
6th Annual Governors Awards[7] and in 2022 was inducted into the
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in the Early Influence category and was the oldest living person to have received the honor.
[8]
Early life
Belafonte was born Harold George Bellanfanti Jr.
[9] at Lying-in Hospital on March 1, 1927, in
Harlem, New York, the son of Jamaican-born parents Harold George Bellanfanti Sr., who worked as a chef, and Melvine (née Love), a housekeeper.
[10][11][12][13][14][15] His mother was the child of a
Scottish Jamaican mother and an
Afro-Jamaican father, and his father was the child of a
Black American mother and a
Dutch-Jewish father of
Sephardic Jewish descent. Harry, Jr. was raised
Catholic.
[16]
From 1932 to 1940, Belafonte lived with one of his grandmothers in her native country of Jamaica, where he attended
Wolmer's Schools. Upon returning to New York City, he attended
George Washington High School[17] after which he joined the
Navy and served during
World War II.
[13] In the 1940s, he was working as a janitor's assistant when a tenant gave him, as a gratuity, two tickets to see the
American Negro Theater. He fell in love with the art form and also became friends with
Sidney Poitier. The financially struggling pair regularly purchased a single seat to local plays, trading places in between acts, after informing the other about the progression of the play.
[18] At the end of the 1940s, he took classes in acting at the
Dramatic Workshop of
The New School in New York with the influential German director
Erwin Piscator alongside
Marlon Brando,
Tony Curtis,
Walter Matthau,
Bea Arthur, and Poitier, while performing with the American Negro Theater. He subsequently received a
Tony Award for his participation in the Broadway revue
John Murray Anderson's Almanac (1954). He also starred in the 1955 Broadway revue
3 for Tonight with
Gower Champion.
He died at age 95 on April 25, 2023 at his home on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, New York City. The cause of death was congestive heart failure, said Ken Sunshine, his longtime spokesman.