**** 2024 Atlantic Hurricane Season: Tropical Storm Rafael (60 mph) | Heading to the Gulf ****

4 Dimensional

Rising Star
Platinum Member
As a professional, what's your opinion of what next year's hurricane season would look like in the event of a Republican win in November, and they are able to fulfill their plan to either gut, or outright eliminate the National Weather Service, the NOAA, and FEMA? With climate change being what it is, I don't think this aspect of their plans to foul up this country has been talked about nearly enough, if at all.

I don't believe that NOAA and the NWS will be eliminated. Too many institutions and companies, such as insurance, energy, construction, aviation, military, city management, engineering, sports, etc., rely on probabilistic weather information to make decisions. Too much is invested in meteorological technology, such as satellites, surface observations, airports (major and minor), radars (144 across the United States), marine buoys, and so much more.

The GOP be talking out their ass at times, and their greedy asses need aspects of the government to maximize profits when it comes to weather. FEMA, on the other hand, is a different entity. If anything, they'll reconstruct what FEMA can do. Most hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods hit deep red states in the first place.
 

DC_Dude

Rising Star
BGOL Investor
Can you please link some sources indicating that that is their plan?


Fact-check: Florida rep says ‘Project 2025 wants to get rid of NOAA,' National Weather Service​

U.S. Rep. Jared Moskowitz, D-Fla., said in a House hearing: "Project 2025 wants to get rid of NOAA, wants to get rid of the National Weather Service — the people that tell you the weather and help you prepare for hurricanes."​

By PolitiFact • Published September 27, 2024 • Updated on September 27, 2024 at 2:22 pm​

Tile-NBC-South-Florida.png

You’re watching the NBC6 South Florida News streaming channel, which plays local South Florida news 24 hours a day, seven days a week. You can find the “NBC6 South Florida News” streaming channel on your phone or computer, and on Peacock, Samsung, Roku, Xumo or on our app, so you can watch our local news on your schedule.
As Florida braced for Hurricane Helene, some weather and politics observers were mad about Project 2025.
"Reminder that Project 2025 would dismantle the National Weather Service and NOAA," wrote the League of Conservation Voters on X.
24/7 South Florida news stream: Watch NBC6 free wherever you are
NOAA is the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, founded in 1970.
"As Florida prepares for a major hurricane to make landfall this week, don’t forget that Donald Trump’s Project 2025 would eliminate the National Weather Service and NOAA," Brian Tyler Cohen, a liberal YouTube influencer, posted on Instagram.
We heard a similar statement about Project 2025 from U.S. Rep. Jared Moskowitz, D-Fla., during a Sept. 19 House Oversight Committee hearing.
"Project 2025 wants to get rid of NOAA, wants to get rid of the National Weather Service — the people that tell you the weather and help you prepare for hurricanes," said Moskowitz, a past Florida emergency management director under Gov. Ron DeSantis, R-Fla.
Moskowitz quipped about how hurricane forecasting would function under Project 2025 and a Trump administration.


"Maybe we will just do it with a Magic 8 ball or maybe with a Ouija board. Or maybe we will do hurricane cones like President Trump did, right where he just circled in another state that wasn’t in the cones," Moskowitz said.
Moskowitz’s swipe at Trump referred to a Sharpie-doctored map Trump displayed in 2019, when he falsely said all hurricane models predicted Dorian would hit Alabama. (And Moskowitz wasn’t the first to come up with that Magic 8 ball line.)
Partisan jostling aside, what does Project 2025 say about NOAA and the National Weather Service?
A Moskowitz spokesperson, Keith Nagy, said "while Project 2025 does not call for the complete dismantling of the NOAA, it intends to undermine the agency's independence from the executive branch and eliminate many of its internal departments. Any threats toward the NOAA or NWS jeopardizes life-saving information about hurricanes, heat waves, and other extreme weather events."
A NOAA spokesperson declined to comment.

Project 2025 calls for breaking up NOAA, commercializing forecast operations​

Project 2025 is the conservative Heritage Foundation’s policy blueprint for a Republican administration. Trump has disavowed it, but it was written by several former Trump administration officials. In 2022, when Trump gave a keynote speech at a Heritage event in Florida, he said the organization would "lay the groundwork and detail plans for exactly what our movement will do."
Project 2025 includes about four pages on NOAA and the National Weather Service. That part was written by Thomas F. Gilman, who was an official in Trump’s Commerce Department.
The document describes NOAA as a primary component "of the climate change alarm industry" and said it "should be broken up and downsized."
The National Weather Service, one of six NOAA offices, provides weather and climate forecasts and warnings. The National Hurricane Center is part of the National Weather Service within NOAA.
Project 2025 would not outright end the National Weather Service. It says the agency "should focus on its data-gathering services," and "should fully commercialize its forecasting operations."
It said that "commercialization of weather technologies should be prioritized to ensure that taxpayer dollars are invested in the most cost-efficient technologies for high quality research and weather data." Investing in commercial partners will increase competition, Project 2025 said.
Project 2025 also said the National Weather Service should become a "performance-based organization" held accountable for achieving specific results, even if the head of the agency must "deviate from government rules" to achieve those results.
 

DC_Dude

Rising Star
BGOL Investor
From the acutal document -

NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION
Break Up NOAA. The single biggest Department of Commerce agency outside
of decennial census years is the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
which houses the National Weather Service, National Marine Fisheries Service,
and other components. NOAA garners $6.5 billion of the department’s $12 billion
annual operational budget and accounts for more than half of the department’s
personnel in non-decadal Census years (2021 figures).
NOAA consists of six main offices:
l The National Weather Service (NWS);
— 675 —
Department of Commerce
l The National Ocean Service (NOS);
l The Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR);
l The National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service (NESDIS);
l The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS); and
l The Office of Marine and Aviation Operations and NOAA Corps.
Together, these form a colossal operation that has become one of the main
drivers of the climate change alarm industry and, as such, is harmful to future
U.S. prosperity. This industry’s mission emphasis on prediction and management
seems designed around the fatal conceit of planning for the unplannable. That is
not to say NOAA is useless, but its current organization corrupts its useful functions. It should be broken up and downsized.
NOAA today boasts that it is a provider of environmental information services,
a provider of environmental stewardship services, and a leader in applied scientific
research. Each of these functions could be provided commercially, likely at lower
cost and higher quality.
Focus the NWS on Commercial Operations. Each day, Americans rely on
weather forecasts and warnings provided by local radio stations and colleges that
are produced not by the NWS, but by private companies such as AccuWeather.
Studies have found that the forecasts and warnings provided by the private companies are more reliable than those provided by the NWS.2
The NWS provides data the private companies use and should focus on its
data-gathering services. Because private companies rely on these data, the NWS
should fully commercialize its forecasting operations.
NOAA does not currently utilize commercial partnerships as some other
agencies do. Commercialization of weather technologies should be prioritized
to ensure that taxpayer dollars are invested in the most cost-efficient technologies for high quality research and weather data. Investing in different sizes of
commercial partners will increase competition while ensuring that the government solutions provided by each contract is personalized to the needs of NOAA’s
weather programs.
The NWS should be a candidate to become a Performance-Based Organization
to better enforce organizational focus on core functions such as efficient delivery
of accurate, timely, and unbiased data to the public and to the private sector.3
Review the Work of the National Hurricane Center and the National
Environmental Satellite Service. The National Hurricane Center and National
Environmental Satellite Service data centers provide important public safety and
— 676 —
Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise
business functions as well as academic functions, and are used by forecasting agencies and scientists internationally. Data continuity is an important issue in climate
science. Data collected by the department should be presented neutrally, without
adjustments intended to support any one side in the climate debate.
Transfer NOS Survey Functions to the U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Geological Survey. Survey operations have historically accounted for almost half the
NOS budget. These functions could be transferred to the U.S. Coast Guard and U.S.
Geological Survey to increase efficiency. NOS’ expansion of the National Marine
Sanctuaries System should also be reviewed, as discussed below.
Streamline NMFS. Overlap exists between the National Marine Fisheries
Service and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Overly simplified, the NMFS handles
saltwater species while the Fish and Wildlife Service focuses on fresh water. The
goals of these two agencies should be streamlined.
Harmonize the Magnuson–Stevens Act with the National Marine Sanctuaries
Act. Under the auspices of NOS, marine sanctuaries (including no-fishing zones)
are being established country-wide, often conflicting with the goals of the Magnuson–Stevens Act fisheries management authorities of NOAA Fisheries, regional
fishery management councils, and relevant states.
Withdraw the 30x30 Executive Order and Associated America the Beautiful Initiative. The 30x30 Executive Order and the American the Beautiful Initiative are
being used to advance an agenda to close vast areas of the ocean to commercial
activities, including fishing, while rapidly advancing offshore wind energy development to the detriment of fisheries and other existing ocean-based industries.
Modify Regulations Implementing the Marine Mammal Protection Act and the
Endangered Species Act. These acts are currently being abused at a cost to fisheries
and Native American subsistence activities around the U.S.
Allow a NEPA Exemption for Fisheries Actions. All the requirements for robust
analysis of the biological, economic, and social impacts of proposed regulatory
action in fisheries are contained with the Magnuson–Stevens Act, the guiding Act
for fisheries. NEPA overlays these requirements with onerous, redundant, and
time-consuming process requirements, which routinely cause unnecessary delays
in the promulgation of timely fisheries management actions. The Department
of Commerce and the Council on Environmental Quality should collaborate to
reduce this redundancy.
Downsize the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. OAR provides
theoretical science, as opposed to the applied science of the National Hurricane
Center. OAR is, however, the source of much of NOAA’s climate alarmism. The
preponderance of its climate-change research should be disbanded. OAR is a large
network of research laboratories, an undersea research center, and several joint
research institutes with universities. These operations should be reviewed with
an aim of consolidation and reduction of bloat.
— 677 —
Department of Commerce
Break Up the Office of Marine and Aviation Operations and Reassign
Its Assets to Other Agencies During This Process. The Office of Marine and
Aviation Operations, which provides the ships and planes used by NOAA agencies,
should be broken up and its assets reassigned to the General Services Administration or to other agencies.
Use Small Innovation Prizes and Competitions to Encourage High-Quality Research. Lowering the barriers of entry for startups and small businesses will
also provide greater innovation without excessive increases in spending. Reaching
beyond traditional partnerships for innovative engagement tools that encourage
entrepreneurial innovation will allow NOAA’s research programs to adapt more
quickly to the world’s changing needs. Multiple competitions should take place in
cities to attract a variety of innovators and investors to propel innovation forward
in a way that benefits the needs of NOAA.
Ensure Appointees Agree with Administration Aims. Scientific agencies
like NOAA are vulnerable to obstructionism of an Administration’s aims if political
appointees are not wholly in sync with Administration policy. Particular attention
must be paid to appointments in this area.
Elevate the Office of Space Commerce. The Office of Space Commerce is
the executive branch advocate on behalf of the U.S. commercial space industry.
This office should be the vehicle for a new Administration to set a robust and
unified whole-of-government commercial space policy that cements U.S. leadership in one of the most crucial industries of the future. The Office’s current
mission has been lost owing to its position within NESDIS, which sees no role
for itself in advancing the industry and the space economy, including ensuring
global competitiveness. OSC is, by law, the Department of Commerce’s lead on
space policy and must therefore link directly to all the bureaus and other organizations within the department. The Office needs to be returned to OS, within
which it existed for the first two decades of its existence. From OS, the Office
could serve as a coordinating entity for the whole-of-government commercial
space policy desperately needed to secure America’s place as the global leader
in commercial space operations.
There presently exists no unified U.S. government policy on commercial space
operations, with the Federal Communications Commission largely responsible
for establishing space policy by default through its regulation of radio spectrum
licenses. Now that routine space operations are commercially viable, it is critical
that a new Administration establish reasonable government policies that ensure
the U.S. will continue to be the flag of choice for commercial space activities. The
President should, by executive order, direct the Office of Space Commerce, working
with the National Space Council, to establish a whole-of-government policy for
licensing and oversight of commercial space operations.
 

4 Dimensional

Rising Star
Platinum Member
From the acutal document -

NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION
Break Up NOAA. The single biggest Department of Commerce agency outside
of decennial census years is the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
which houses the National Weather Service, National Marine Fisheries Service,
and other components. NOAA garners $6.5 billion of the department’s $12 billion
annual operational budget and accounts for more than half of the department’s
personnel in non-decadal Census years (2021 figures).
NOAA consists of six main offices:
l The National Weather Service (NWS);
— 675 —
Department of Commerce
l The National Ocean Service (NOS);
l The Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR);
l The National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service (NESDIS);
l The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS); and
l The Office of Marine and Aviation Operations and NOAA Corps.
Together, these form a colossal operation that has become one of the main
drivers of the climate change alarm industry and, as such, is harmful to future
U.S. prosperity. This industry’s mission emphasis on prediction and management
seems designed around the fatal conceit of planning for the unplannable. That is
not to say NOAA is useless, but its current organization corrupts its useful functions. It should be broken up and downsized.
NOAA today boasts that it is a provider of environmental information services,
a provider of environmental stewardship services, and a leader in applied scientific
research. Each of these functions could be provided commercially, likely at lower
cost and higher quality.
Focus the NWS on Commercial Operations. Each day, Americans rely on
weather forecasts and warnings provided by local radio stations and colleges that
are produced not by the NWS, but by private companies such as AccuWeather.
Studies have found that the forecasts and warnings provided by the private companies are more reliable than those provided by the NWS.2
The NWS provides data the private companies use and should focus on its
data-gathering services. Because private companies rely on these data, the NWS
should fully commercialize its forecasting operations.
NOAA does not currently utilize commercial partnerships as some other
agencies do. Commercialization of weather technologies should be prioritized
to ensure that taxpayer dollars are invested in the most cost-efficient technologies for high quality research and weather data. Investing in different sizes of
commercial partners will increase competition while ensuring that the government solutions provided by each contract is personalized to the needs of NOAA’s
weather programs.
The NWS should be a candidate to become a Performance-Based Organization
to better enforce organizational focus on core functions such as efficient delivery
of accurate, timely, and unbiased data to the public and to the private sector.3
Review the Work of the National Hurricane Center and the National
Environmental Satellite Service. The National Hurricane Center and National
Environmental Satellite Service data centers provide important public safety and
— 676 —
Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise
business functions as well as academic functions, and are used by forecasting agencies and scientists internationally. Data continuity is an important issue in climate
science. Data collected by the department should be presented neutrally, without
adjustments intended to support any one side in the climate debate.
Transfer NOS Survey Functions to the U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Geological Survey. Survey operations have historically accounted for almost half the
NOS budget. These functions could be transferred to the U.S. Coast Guard and U.S.
Geological Survey to increase efficiency. NOS’ expansion of the National Marine
Sanctuaries System should also be reviewed, as discussed below.
Streamline NMFS. Overlap exists between the National Marine Fisheries
Service and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Overly simplified, the NMFS handles
saltwater species while the Fish and Wildlife Service focuses on fresh water. The
goals of these two agencies should be streamlined.
Harmonize the Magnuson–Stevens Act with the National Marine Sanctuaries
Act. Under the auspices of NOS, marine sanctuaries (including no-fishing zones)
are being established country-wide, often conflicting with the goals of the Magnuson–Stevens Act fisheries management authorities of NOAA Fisheries, regional
fishery management councils, and relevant states.
Withdraw the 30x30 Executive Order and Associated America the Beautiful Initiative. The 30x30 Executive Order and the American the Beautiful Initiative are
being used to advance an agenda to close vast areas of the ocean to commercial
activities, including fishing, while rapidly advancing offshore wind energy development to the detriment of fisheries and other existing ocean-based industries.
Modify Regulations Implementing the Marine Mammal Protection Act and the
Endangered Species Act. These acts are currently being abused at a cost to fisheries
and Native American subsistence activities around the U.S.
Allow a NEPA Exemption for Fisheries Actions. All the requirements for robust
analysis of the biological, economic, and social impacts of proposed regulatory
action in fisheries are contained with the Magnuson–Stevens Act, the guiding Act
for fisheries. NEPA overlays these requirements with onerous, redundant, and
time-consuming process requirements, which routinely cause unnecessary delays
in the promulgation of timely fisheries management actions. The Department
of Commerce and the Council on Environmental Quality should collaborate to
reduce this redundancy.
Downsize the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. OAR provides
theoretical science, as opposed to the applied science of the National Hurricane
Center. OAR is, however, the source of much of NOAA’s climate alarmism. The
preponderance of its climate-change research should be disbanded. OAR is a large
network of research laboratories, an undersea research center, and several joint
research institutes with universities. These operations should be reviewed with
an aim of consolidation and reduction of bloat.
— 677 —
Department of Commerce
Break Up the Office of Marine and Aviation Operations and Reassign
Its Assets to Other Agencies During This Process. The Office of Marine and
Aviation Operations, which provides the ships and planes used by NOAA agencies,
should be broken up and its assets reassigned to the General Services Administration or to other agencies.
Use Small Innovation Prizes and Competitions to Encourage High-Quality Research. Lowering the barriers of entry for startups and small businesses will
also provide greater innovation without excessive increases in spending. Reaching
beyond traditional partnerships for innovative engagement tools that encourage
entrepreneurial innovation will allow NOAA’s research programs to adapt more
quickly to the world’s changing needs. Multiple competitions should take place in
cities to attract a variety of innovators and investors to propel innovation forward
in a way that benefits the needs of NOAA.
Ensure Appointees Agree with Administration Aims. Scientific agencies
like NOAA are vulnerable to obstructionism of an Administration’s aims if political
appointees are not wholly in sync with Administration policy. Particular attention
must be paid to appointments in this area.
Elevate the Office of Space Commerce. The Office of Space Commerce is
the executive branch advocate on behalf of the U.S. commercial space industry.
This office should be the vehicle for a new Administration to set a robust and
unified whole-of-government commercial space policy that cements U.S. leadership in one of the most crucial industries of the future. The Office’s current
mission has been lost owing to its position within NESDIS, which sees no role
for itself in advancing the industry and the space economy, including ensuring
global competitiveness. OSC is, by law, the Department of Commerce’s lead on
space policy and must therefore link directly to all the bureaus and other organizations within the department. The Office needs to be returned to OS, within
which it existed for the first two decades of its existence. From OS, the Office
could serve as a coordinating entity for the whole-of-government commercial
space policy desperately needed to secure America’s place as the global leader
in commercial space operations.
There presently exists no unified U.S. government policy on commercial space
operations, with the Federal Communications Commission largely responsible
for establishing space policy by default through its regulation of radio spectrum
licenses. Now that routine space operations are commercially viable, it is critical
that a new Administration establish reasonable government policies that ensure
the U.S. will continue to be the flag of choice for commercial space activities. The
President should, by executive order, direct the Office of Space Commerce, working
with the National Space Council, to establish a whole-of-government policy for
licensing and oversight of commercial space operations.

As I just mentioned, the GOP talks out their ass.

Where do they think their private companies like Accuweather get the data from? :lol:

Shit is wild.
 

^SpiderMan^

Mackin Arachnid
BGOL Investor


Fact-check: Florida rep says ‘Project 2025 wants to get rid of NOAA,' National Weather Service​

U.S. Rep. Jared Moskowitz, D-Fla., said in a House hearing: "Project 2025 wants to get rid of NOAA, wants to get rid of the National Weather Service — the people that tell you the weather and help you prepare for hurricanes."​

By PolitiFact • Published September 27, 2024 • Updated on September 27, 2024 at 2:22 pm​

Tile-NBC-South-Florida.png

You’re watching the NBC6 South Florida News streaming channel, which plays local South Florida news 24 hours a day, seven days a week. You can find the “NBC6 South Florida News” streaming channel on your phone or computer, and on Peacock, Samsung, Roku, Xumo or on our app, so you can watch our local news on your schedule.
As Florida braced for Hurricane Helene, some weather and politics observers were mad about Project 2025.
"Reminder that Project 2025 would dismantle the National Weather Service and NOAA," wrote the League of Conservation Voters on X.
24/7 South Florida news stream: Watch NBC6 free wherever you are
NOAA is the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, founded in 1970.
"As Florida prepares for a major hurricane to make landfall this week, don’t forget that Donald Trump’s Project 2025 would eliminate the National Weather Service and NOAA," Brian Tyler Cohen, a liberal YouTube influencer, posted on Instagram.

We heard a similar statement about Project 2025 from U.S. Rep. Jared Moskowitz, D-Fla., during a Sept. 19 House Oversight Committee hearing.
"Project 2025 wants to get rid of NOAA, wants to get rid of the National Weather Service — the people that tell you the weather and help you prepare for hurricanes," said Moskowitz, a past Florida emergency management director under Gov. Ron DeSantis, R-Fla.
Moskowitz quipped about how hurricane forecasting would function under Project 2025 and a Trump administration.


"Maybe we will just do it with a Magic 8 ball or maybe with a Ouija board. Or maybe we will do hurricane cones like President Trump did, right where he just circled in another state that wasn’t in the cones," Moskowitz said.
Moskowitz’s swipe at Trump referred to a Sharpie-doctored map Trump displayed in 2019, when he falsely said all hurricane models predicted Dorian would hit Alabama. (And Moskowitz wasn’t the first to come up with that Magic 8 ball line.)
Partisan jostling aside, what does Project 2025 say about NOAA and the National Weather Service?
A Moskowitz spokesperson, Keith Nagy, said "while Project 2025 does not call for the complete dismantling of the NOAA, it intends to undermine the agency's independence from the executive branch and eliminate many of its internal departments. Any threats toward the NOAA or NWS jeopardizes life-saving information about hurricanes, heat waves, and other extreme weather events."
A NOAA spokesperson declined to comment.

Project 2025 calls for breaking up NOAA, commercializing forecast operations​

Project 2025 is the conservative Heritage Foundation’s policy blueprint for a Republican administration. Trump has disavowed it, but it was written by several former Trump administration officials. In 2022, when Trump gave a keynote speech at a Heritage event in Florida, he said the organization would "lay the groundwork and detail plans for exactly what our movement will do."
Project 2025 includes about four pages on NOAA and the National Weather Service. That part was written by Thomas F. Gilman, who was an official in Trump’s Commerce Department.
The document describes NOAA as a primary component "of the climate change alarm industry" and said it "should be broken up and downsized."
The National Weather Service, one of six NOAA offices, provides weather and climate forecasts and warnings. The National Hurricane Center is part of the National Weather Service within NOAA.
Project 2025 would not outright end the National Weather Service. It says the agency "should focus on its data-gathering services," and "should fully commercialize its forecasting operations."
It said that "commercialization of weather technologies should be prioritized to ensure that taxpayer dollars are invested in the most cost-efficient technologies for high quality research and weather data." Investing in commercial partners will increase competition, Project 2025 said.
Project 2025 also said the National Weather Service should become a "performance-based organization" held accountable for achieving specific results, even if the head of the agency must "deviate from government rules" to achieve those results.



Trump hasn’t said he supports Project 2025
 

Flawless

Flawless One
BGOL Investor


Trump just did a interview with another online guy who panders to the right. Wonder if maga will bring up Shultz's past racist comments or his most recent comments on black women?
 

ThaBurgerPimp

Rising Star
BGOL Patreon Investor

Florida Jail in Hurricane Milton Danger Zone Won't Evacuate Inmates​


Hurricane Milton was classified as a Category 4 hurricane on Tuesday, with maximum sustained winds of 155 miles per hour, making it 2 mph shy of a Category 5 hurricane.

After hitting Category 5 status on Monday, the storm weakened slightly but appears to be intensifying again. Forecasts show Milton making landfall in Tampa on Wednesday night or early Thursday morning, but the expected wind speeds and exact location of landfall are still uncertain.

On Tuesday afternoon, a Manatee County Jail deputy told Newsweek that the jail is in the Zone A evacuation zone. Manatee County has issued mandatory evacuations for all people in Zones A and B.

"We do not issue evacuation orders lightly," Manatee County Public Safety Director Jodie Fiske said. "Milton is anticipated to cause more storm surge than Helene. So, if you stayed during Helene and got lucky, I would not press my luck with this particular system."


Some of those inmates probably would've been thinking up potential escape plans...
 
Top