Ince breaks down barriers
Viv Anderson became the first black player for England in 1978.
Every so often a moment occurs in football that breaks down an existing barrier. In 1993, such a moment occurred when England midfielder Paul Ince became the first black captain of his country on June 9, in a US Cup match against the USA.
With the roots of the game starting in the white working-class, English football took a long time to overcome the innate racism that had followed it from the beginning. Despite the fact that black players had been involved in the Football League since the 1890s - with Arthur Wharton and Andrew Watson blazing a trail - it took until 1978 for the first, Viv Anderson, to represent England at international level.
Anderson had suffered horrific racial abuse from rival fans as a young player, under Dave MacKay and later Brian Clough, at Nottingham Forest in the mid 1970s and recalled in his recent memoirs cowering away from the ''really vicious, dog's abuse'' being directed at him from the stands before his first game for the club.
''I went back in and said to the manager, Dave Mackay, that I didn't want to play. He just told me to get myself out there and it's a good job he did,'' Anderson wrote. ''I remember getting knocked on to the track by the Newcastle striker John Tudor and everybody cheering. It was quite hard. I was 18 years old and there were 50,000 people in those days for a cup tie. I had to get on with it.''
Anderson's ordeals, which included enduring bombardments of bananas, apples and pears, were an all-too regular occurrence for other black players trying to make their way in the game, such as Laurie Cunningham and Cyrille Regis.
But the will to overcome the bigotry was strong, as Regis revealed: ''You used it. Of course we were angry. When you've got 5,000-10,000 people shouting racist abuse at you and throwing bananas on the pitch the only thing you can do is internalise the anger and use it as motivation. We said, 'Right. I'm going to beat your team.' And that's what we did most weeks.''
The history of racism in football requires more words than are available here, but amid a backdrop of political uncertainty in the 70s, far-right groups gained prominence and used the football scene as a vessel to force their views on the national conscience. The National Front (NF) published their manifesto in Bulldog magazine (which was freely available at games), urging fans to vie for the title of 'most racist ground in Britain' and monkey chants were often heard in British stadiums.
By the 1980s, other black players like John Barnes and Mark Chamberlain had emerged on the scene and the racists had begun to target the national team with more vigour. The 1982 World Cup saw NF members travelling to Spain and, in 1984, Barnes was the subject of abuse from 'fans' on a plane back from a South American tour in which he had scored a wonderful solo goal against Brazil.
"The more high-profile I got the more the media became interested," he told the BBC. "I remember in 1984 when I was playing for England against Brazil and there was a group of National Front supporters on the plane with us who were supposedly coming out to support England. The South Americans couldn't understand the abuse I was getting from them. It was an unpleasant situation.''
As Barnes continued to use his considerable presence to draw attention to the issue, various laws were brought in to try and curb the problem, with the 1986 Public Order Act - which charged fans for using "obscene and foul language at football grounds" - soon backed up by the 1991 Football (Offences) Act, which specifically made racist chanting at football matches unlawful.
By 1993, the Campaign for Racial Equality (CRE) and the Professional Footballers Association (PFA) had launched the 'Let's Kick Racism Out of Football' campaign, "with the aim of highlighting anti-racist and equal opportunities messages within the context of football" and immediately it began to take effect. For the national team, too, change was on the horizon as black defender Ugo Ehiogu captained the England Under-21 side against Holland on April 27 and, as England travelled to the States, a young player by the name of Paul Ince was beginning to establish himself.
Described as by David Lacey in the Guardian as ''an all-round strength in midfield'', he had become a key player for club side Manchester United and was a key part of Sir Alex Ferguson's first title winning Old Trafford side in the 1992-93 season. Yet Ince's arrival on the international scene was viewed as ''an unexpected bonus'' and, after England's failures at Euro '92, he made his debut in the friendly match against Spain three months later.
Ince's international career began as a mixed bag. He was booked against Poland in a USA '94 qualifier and missed the subsequent 2-0 defeat to Norway that saw England's hopes of progress hit hard, leading Lacey to comment: ''he is apt to view games of football as ersatz guerilla warfare''. Eventually, the defeat proved to be a vital nail in their coffin as both the Norwegians and Netherlands pipped them to the post, but by the time England travelled for a friendly tournament in the States that took in games against USA, Germany and Brazil, Ince's star was on the rise.
In English football the captaincy of the national side is something of an institution; you only have to look at the recent debate over the John Terry/Rio Ferdinand decision to see that the media love to create a firestorm over the armband. But, back in 1993, no black player had ever been chosen to lead his country, so when Ince was chosen to take the role in the first match at the Foxboro Stadium in Massachusetts against the USA the Daily Express led with the headline: 'Ince the captain!'
Paul Ince's first game as captain ended in defeat.
With regular captaincy choices David Platt and Tony Adams missing, England boss Graham Taylor said: ''I am giving him a responsibility and I know he will respond to it& He [Ince] has been one of our best players and, in the team I am putting out, he is the best choice as skipper.''
For his part, Ince's words before the game spoke volumes about how far he had come: ''It hasn't really sunk in yet,'' he said. ''I was just hoping to get back into the side after being suspended for the Norway game...I will be nervous leading out players like John Barnes and Ian Wright - if they are in the side - but I will try to lead by example.''
Ultimately, the new skipper was unable to prevent a 2-0 loss to the USA with goals from Tom Dooley and Alexi Lalas, but the result mattered little when a key moment in the evolution of football in England had been seen. Notably, when Ince took the captaincy again in 1997 claiming: ''When I was first given the armband, a lot was made of the fact I was the first black skipper. I'd have preferred it if it had been said I was just the new skipper,'' nobody mentioned the colour of his skin.
What happened next? Ince kept the armband for the next game against Brazil, reclaiming it for a further five times in 1997 and went on to play 53 times for England, ensuring that he is remembered as one of the most combative and effective midfield generals of his generation. Since then, Sol Campbell and Rio Ferdinand have captained England, but Ince continued to push the barriers of the game as, in his management career, he tumbled another barrier to become the first black British manager to ply his trade in the Premier League with Blackburn in 2008.
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