Red Summer was the late winter, spring, summer, and early autumn of 1919, which were marked by hundreds of deaths and a number of casualties across the United States, as the result of
anti-black white supremacist terrorist attacks that occurred in more than three dozen cities and one rural county. In most instances,
whites attacked
African Americans. In some cases many black people fought back, notably in
Chicago and
Washington, D.C. The highest number of fatalities occurred in the rural area around
Elaine, Arkansas, where an estimated 100–240 black people, and five white people, were killed; Chicago and Washington had 38 and 15 deaths, respectively, and many more injured, with extensive property damage in Chicago.
[1]
The racial riots against blacks resulted from a variety of postwar social tensions related to the demobilization of veterans of
World War I, both black and white, and competition for jobs and housing among ethnic
European Americans and
African Americans.
[2] In addition, it was a time of labor unrest in which some industrialists used black people as
strikebreakers, increasing resentment. The riots were extensively documented in the press, which, along with the federal government, feared
socialist and
communist influence on the black
civil rights movement following the
Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. They also feared foreign anarchists, who had bombed homes and businesses of prominent business and government leaders.
Civil rights activist and author
James Weldon Johnson coined the term "Red Summer"; he had been employed as a field secretary since 1916 by the
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). In 1919, he organized
peaceful protests against the racial violence of that summer
Will Brown, victim of Omaha, Nebraska lynching
African American being stoned by whites during 1919 Chicago race riot