Sickle Cell Awareness Thread: Sickle Cell Awareness Month 2024! UPDATE: NBA2K5 SICKLE CELL BALL!!
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I have the trait and didn't know I had it until my first son (and second son too) were born with it.
I then ask my mom if she knew and she's like "yeah, you've got it and so do all your siblings. No big deal".
I was like WTF, why didn't you let me know!!??
For the most part, the trait is no big deal but I do have to be careful in high elevations (no strenuous exercise) and make sure I'm properly hydrated especially in high humidity areas (like here in Houston).
Strength to everyone battling it.
those are my concerns as well. I'm a sprinter and when it gets really hot, i feel light-headed if i'm in the heat for too long. Being hydrated is a serious matter. and high altitudes? no mountain climbing for me. ever.
In 2017 they found a cure using gene therapy.
A cure for millions as gene therapy cures patient with Sickle Cell disease
WHY THIS MATTERS IN BRIEF Sickle cell disease is a painful and debilitating disease that affects millions of people worldwide,...
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I'm also a carrier but I have no symptoms that I know of. I've been doing strenuous exercises all my life. No problems with high elevations. I didn't know I was a carrier until I had to take the blood test before marriage.
In 2017 they found a cure using gene therapy.
It was a small trial. I haven't followed this since then so I don't know where they are now.A cure for millions as gene therapy cures patient with Sickle Cell disease
WHY THIS MATTERS IN BRIEF Sickle cell disease is a painful and debilitating disease that affects millions of people worldwide,...
Yeah read that and it's risky and I wouldn't risk it yet until it gets more mainstream and safer and easier. They basically drain your blood and replace it.
Complete Blood Count (CBC) Test and Sickle Cell Disease
A complete blood count (CBC) can give information about your child's sickle cell disease and how to treat it. Learn more about blood counts.
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Exploring VCU Health’s Leadership in Sickle Cell Care and Research | Medical College of Virginia Foundation
The MCV Campus has created a national model for how to address disparities and quality of care in sickle cell disease, and the research into new treatments remains promising.
www.mcvfoundation.org
Exploring VCU Health’s Leadership in Sickle Cell Care and Research
June 16, 2021
Editor’s Note: This is an excerpt of a feature that appeared in the summer 2021 issue of NEXT magazine. Our online edition has the full article and more great stories about innovative research happening on the MCV Campus.
***
The trouble usually starts around six months after birth. By that point, children born with sickle cell disease stop producing fetal hemoglobin, and the first symptoms begin.
In sickle cell disease, a genetic variation results abnormal hemoglobin which cannot carry oxygen as well as regular hemoglobin. These sickle or crescent-shaped cells no longer move through the body’s blood vessels, slowing and stopping blood flow.
Chaos ensues all over the body. Organs no longer receive oxygen. Pain begins, and sickled red blood cells break open and die, spilling poisonous waste into the body. This vicious cycle continues. Less oxygen means more hemoglobin polymers, and in turn more clogged blood vessels, more red blood cell death, more pain and more anemia. Eventually, massive tissue and organ damage and a weakened immune system shorten the lifespan of many patients who experience painful crises that become chronic, with frequent emergency room visits, failing organs and a sense of helplessness.
For too many years, the medical community and society abandoned these patients who, in the U.S., are predominately Black. Many doctors threw up their hands and told children and parents not to worry about making life plans or attending school, since they likely would not live long past their 20th birthday. Those lucky enough to survive were told there was little to do for them other than to give them opioids. Most researchers overlooked the disease. Almost all of society stigmatized patients with the condition.
On the MCV Campus, however, a strong five-decade-long history of outreach and research has made VCU Health a leader that helps these forgotten patients. It started in 1972, when Congress passed the National Sickle Cell Disease Control Act. The law provided the first-ever authority to set up education, screening, research and treatment programs for SCD. VCU started one of the first efforts to screen all newborns in Virginia for sickle cell disease.
Wally Smith, M.D., professor and scientific director of the VCU Center on Health Disparities, directs VCU’s Adult Sickle Cell Medical Home. Photo courtesy VCU Public Affairs
“VCU was in the unique position of being one of the first 19 institutions to have a sickle cell disease outreach program,” said Wally Smith, M.D., professor and scientific director of the VCU Center on Health Disparities and director of the VCU Health Adult Sickle Cell Program. “Florence Neal Cooper Smith and Dr. Robert Scott started the clinic in the face of overwhelming opposition. They were swimming upstream the whole time. Now people look to us as authorities in this area. We are clearly one of the top 10 centers in the country — whether you measure by number of patients, funding from the federal government or industry, or research productivity.”
Dr. Smith directs VCU’s Adult Sickle Cell Medical Program, which now cares for nearly 700 patients, three times as many as when he arrived on the MCV Campus in 1991. VCU Health currently serves SCD patients from across Virginia, intentionally reaching and educating patients and providers as far away as the Eastern Shore. The resulting adult population growth underscores the need for new investment in research and patient care for this expanding patient population. That’s the professional challenge and calling that Dr. Smith has been pursuing since 1984. He has been advising efforts to develop new treatments, trying to better understand and remove barriers to care, and advocating with policymakers at the local, state and national level to achieve equity in funding and equitable lifespans for adults with SCD.
“I saw orphans needing a home,” Dr. Smith said. “There’s a whole generation of Americans who don’t remember the days when sickle cell patients were not living to adulthood. They don’t understand how much we have had to go through to get care to where it is today.”
RESEARCH AND TREATMENT DEVELOPMENT
In addition to his clinical duties, Dr. Smith consults on a drug development project based at the VCU School of Pharmacy. He’s working with Martin K. Safo, Ph.D., professor in the school’s Department of Medicinal Chemistry, to develop compounds that help improve the oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells in sickle cell patients and destabilize the polymers from causing further sickling, which in turn instigates the pain and other chronic and potentially life-threatening issues.
Martin Safo, Ph.D., professor in the VCU School of Pharmacy’s Department of Medicinal Chemistry, has been leading efforts on the MCV Campus to develop new treatments for sickle cell disease. Photo courtesy VCU Public Affairs
“This is a team effort,” said Dr. Safo, who is affiliated with the school’s Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development. “We have spearheaded global efforts over the past four years to develop new compounds to treat sickle cell disease with partners like Dr. Osheiza Abdulmalik at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.”
Dr. Safo has been working on drug discovery for sickle cell for almost 30 years. Originally from Ghana, he knows firsthand how the disease can affect people. Two of his cousins were born with sickle cell, and one has already died from the disease.
Dr. Safo’s research found promise in the byproduct of a sugar molecule named 5-HMF. He and his team took the research far enough to license the compound to a pharmaceutical company to produce for clinical trials. That company, unfortunately, went bankrupt and future studies stalled, but Dr. Safo and his team had managed to change the paradigm on exploring potential therapies.
The VCU Health team continues to explore and improve potential treatments. Their latest promising work is a compound named VZHE-039, a novel anti-sickling agent that the team hopes to advance for clinical trials in the next year. Unlike therapies currently on the market, this new compound designed on the MCV Campus works on two levels: first, it increases the concentration of the non-polymerizing sickle hemoglobin; second and uniquely, it directly destabilizes the sickle hemoglobin from forming polymers, thus preventing further sickling and reducing the risk of pain and organ damage downstream. The candidate is rapidly advancing toward Phase I/II clinical trials.
“Our compound is rather unique,” Dr. Safo said, “The dual anti-sickling activities of VZHE-039 would be critical to successfully ameliorate the disease phenotype in areas of severe hypoxia.”
This spring, the team received funding from the National Institutes of Health to continue the effort to develop this new treatment. One thing has changed, however. After their earlier experiences with licensing to a company stalled progress, the researchers formed their own company, IllExcor Therapeutics, to develop the compounds coming from research being conducted at VCU for the treatment of SCD. The name is a combination of the word “ill” and a shortening of the word exorcism, a clarion statement of the company’s purpose.
“We have a lot of hope that these therapies will be a huge benefit,” Dr. Smith said of the team’s efforts. “And that this compound can be added to the arsenal of potential tools. It’s very encouraging. I would say that the future is bright right now. Our biggest challenge remains awareness.”
If you would like to support sickle cell disease research and care on the MCV Campus, please consider making a gift to the Florence Neal Cooper Smith Professorship by contacting Brian Thomas, MCV Foundation vice president and chief development officer.
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The MCV Foundation is the independent fundraising voice promoting and supporting the work of the dedicated researchers, caregivers and educators on the MCV campus. We ensure the long-term growth of the institution through collaborative fundraising and wise stewardship of invested funds, and by...
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Gene therapies close in on a cure for sickle-cell disease
As multiple genetic strategies advance through the clinic, important safety questions remain to be answered.
www.nature.com
Gene therapies close in on a cure for sickle-cell disease
As multiple genetic strategies advance through the clinic, important safety questions remain to be answered.
Umbilical-cord blood contains haemotopoietic stem cells, used in sickle-cell research.Credit: Amelie-Benoist/BSIP/Science Photo Library
Seventy years ago, sickle-cell disease was at the cutting edge of biomedical research as the first medical condition to be linked to a molecular cause. But the ensuing decades saw little progress in terms of clinical care, leaving patients afflicted with severe pain and dramatically shortened life expectancy. “There was a long period of time without any types of treatment,” says Vence Bonham, leader of the Health Disparities Unit at the US National Human Genome Research Institute in Bethesda, Maryland. Indeed, the first sickle-cell drug was approved only in 1998.
Part of Nature Outlook: Sickle-cell disease
Recent progress in gene therapy is now giving researchers the tools they need to tackle this disease at its molecular roots. Several clinical trials have demonstrated the therapeutic promise of manipulating the genome using viruses to deliver genes or CRISPR–Cas9 gene-editing technology to counteract the damage wrought by the mutation that leads to sickle-cell disease. And, crucially, these technologies can be incorporated into existing protocols for a potent treatment called haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation — the curative impact of which is limited by a shortage of eligible donors.
“A perfect storm of things on the scientific and technology front has made sickle-cell disease a good proof of principle,” says Mitchell Weiss, a haematologist at St Jude Children’s Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee. At least ten trials of gene therapy are now under way, and early data from dozens of patients indicate the potential for long-term disease control and greatly improved quality of life.
These are still early days, and there are lingering questions about the safety of this approach. Notably, two cancer diagnoses in participants of one trial have left the field on edge as researchers work to determine the roots of these malignancies. But despite these concerns, the efficacy data have left many experts bullish about the long-term potential of gene therapy. This includes the tantalizing possibility of directly repairing the disease at its genomic source: that is, a true cure. “We don’t use the ‘c word’, but they’re looking really promising,” says Donald Kohn, a stem-cell biologist at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Souped-up stem cells
Historically, sickle-cell disease claimed many lives in childhood. Advances in medical care mean that people who are affected can now survive to middle age, and a growing arsenal of drugs is helping these individuals to manage their pain and other symptoms effectively. But right now, the only option for long-term survival is transplantation with HSCs — the bone-marrow-based progenitors of all blood cell types — from a healthy and immunologically compatible donor.
HSC transplantation can be curative, but there’s one main obstacle: the difficulty in finding well-matched donors. Most people with sickle-cell disease have African, Middle Eastern or South Asian ancestry — ethnicities that are heavily under-represented in donor registries. “The likelihood to find a matched, unrelated donor is below 20%,” says Selim Corbacioglu, a haematologist at University Hospital Regensburg in Germany. This leaves many patients without options.
Gene therapy solves this problem by turning each patient into their own perfectly matched HSC donor. After treatment with a drug that stimulates the release of HSCs from the marrow into the circulation, the cells are harvested and genetically modified in the laboratory. The person then receives chemotherapy drugs that kill off their remaining natural HSCs. This creates room for the re-implantation of modified stem cells, while culling HSCs that might continue to produce sickle-shaped red blood cells. Importantly, this need not be a complete replacement — transplantation studies have shown that an infusion comprising just 20% healthy HSCs is sufficient to reverse the disease (see, for example, ref. 1).
Sickle-cell disease presents a near-ideal opportunity to tap the power of gene therapy because the disorder typically arises from a mutation in a single nucleotide in one gene. That gene encodes the protein β-globin — a key component of haemoglobin, the molecule that red blood cells use to bind and transport oxygen. The mutated protein misfolds and assembles into fibrous aggregates, resulting in deformed red blood cells that cause painful and damaging obstructions in blood vessels.
Donald Kohn, a stem-cell biologist at the University of California, Los Angeles, consults with a graduate student.Credit: Ann Johansson/UCLA Broad Stem Cell Research Center
Current gene-therapy strategies use two distinct tactics to overcome the effects of this mutation. One restores expression of the fully functional β-globin gene. This can be done by delivering a new copy of the gene to another site in the HSC genome, or by correcting the mutated gene itself. The other approach is to instead restore expression of a different, naturally occurring protein called γ-globin. This has the same function as β-globin, but is normally produced only during fetal development, where it helps to ensure steady blood oxygenation for the baby in the womb. In the months after birth, the gene that makes this protein — also called fetal haemoglobin — is permanently switched off in most people.
In 2008, stem-cell biologist Stuart Orkin’s team at Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts, determined that a protein called BCL11A directly inhibits postnatal production of fetal haemoglobin2, and researchers have devised genetic interventions that target BCL11A to lift this inhibition. Fortuitously, reactivation of the fetal protein also downregulates production of adult β-globin. “You’re just reversing the switch,” says David Williams, chief of haematology and oncology at Boston Children’s Hospital in Massachusetts. In the context of sickle-cell disease, production of the fetal protein is even beneficial: “It actually has anti-sickling characteristics that are very effective,” says Williams.
Special delivery
Strategies based on restoring functional β-globin expression have generally relied on lentiviruses to deliver their therapeutic payload. These retroviruses can insert foreign genes into host genomes in a process known as transduction. This cargo could be a normal human β-globin gene, but most researchers are stacking the deck by using engineered gene variants that also prevent aggregation of the sickle form of the protein. This is helpful, given that the mutated gene continues to be expressed alongside the therapeutic gene.
Researchers led by haemotologist Marina Cavazzana at the Public Assistance Hospitals in Paris, in collaboration with biotechnology company Bluebird Bio in Cambridge, Massachusetts, were the first to demonstrate the clinical feasibility of using lentiviruses to deliver a functional β-globin gene into HSCs. Their team had previously applied this approach to people with β-thalassemia3, a related genetic blood disorder characterized by severe haemoglobin deficiency. “Our first two patients rapidly produced a very significant quantity of therapeutic haemoglobin, and we decided that we were ready to tackle sickle-cell disease,” she says. In 2017, Cavazzana and colleagues published a case report4 from a person with sickle-cell disease who was successfully treated with gene therapy, and who remains in good health. “He is completely stable, with no sickle-cell episodes except one that was really mild after getting an infection,” she says.
For patients to produce enough fully functional red blood cells to keep them healthy, researchers must be able to genetically modify a sufficiently large proportion of the harvested HSCs. This can be a tall order, because large payloads of therapeutic DNA — such as an entire human gene — reduce the efficiency of the lentivirus manufacturing process. This means fewer viruses can be produced, resulting in lower levels of transduction. This problem was highlighted in an ongoing trial by Bluebird Bio, in which the first cohort of participants experienced only modest improvements in their symptoms. “They couldn’t get enough viral vector into the stem cells,” says Weiss, who was not involved in the trial. Bluebird Bio and others have subsequently devised enhanced transduction protocols and streamlined lentiviral vectors to boost performance; Kohn reports that his group’s approach results in genetic modification of 80–90% of HSCs.
This approach has steadily gained momentum over the past few years. Cavazzana’s group has treated three people in trials, achieving robust improvement in sickle-cell symptoms and keeping the individuals out of hospital. Kohn also has a small trial under way, and recently treated a second patient (recruitment has been delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic). Perhaps the most extensive evidence of efficacy so far has come from Bluebird Bio’s current trial cohort, in which 25 patients have undergone infusion with lentivirus-modified cells. Mark Walters, a haematologist and oncologist at the University of California, San Francisco, who was involved in running the trial, reports that treated participants are producing functional haemoglobin and seeing clear clinical benefits, such as not having to visit the hospital for pain relief. “It definitely appears to be an effective therapy,” he says.
In contrast to his other lentivirus-wielding colleagues, Williams is using this vector to reactivate fetal haemoglobin production rather than boost β-globin. His team is delivering a gene encoding a specially designed RNA that inhibits translation of the messenger RNA encoding the fetal haemoglobin inhibitor BCL11A. In January, Williams’s group published promising results from a phase I trial of six people5. With the exception of one patient who required special treatment for a pre-existing condition, “none of the patients require transfusions and they have haemoglobin that is at the low end of normal,” says Williams. “It’s not a complete cure of the sickle-cell anaemia, but it’s a significant reversal.” Plans are now under way to embark on a phase II trial.
Rebooting fetal haemoglobin
Lentiviral vectors have a strong track record in gene therapy, and Kohn notes that “hundreds of patients have gotten current-generation lentiviral vectors into their stem cells for different diseases”. Nevertheless, integration into the genome is still largely random, and some researchers remain sceptical of lentiviruses because of their potential to cause unintended disruptions in other genes. “For me, that was not an option,” says Corbacioglu.
CRISPR–Cas9 gene-editing technology could offer a safer option, because it enables precisely targeted manipulation of the genome without the risk of random insertion events. The system incorporates a guide RNA that allows it to home in on a specific genomic site, where the Cas9 enzyme snips through the double-stranded DNA. The resulting DNA-repair mechanism produces small insertions or deletions that disrupt the targeted sequence.
Corbacioglu is leading a clinical trial sponsored by CRISPR Therapeutics in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Vertex Pharmaceuticals in Boston, Massachusetts, which is using CRISPR–Cas9 to restore fetal haemoglobin production. In this approach, genome editing disrupts a sequence that drives production of the γ-globin inhibitor BCL11A in progenitors of red blood cell. This boosts fetal haemoglobin in cells that need it, while preserving normal BCL11A expression elsewhere. The team has published preliminary results from two participants6 and has presented further data from three people with sickle-cell disease. “In all of those patients, functional haemoglobin grows significantly — to at least normal levels,” says Corbacioglu. More importantly, none of the three patients has experienced sickle-cell-associated pain after 3–15 months of follow-up. By comparison, before treatment, one patient in the trial typically experienced seven such episodes annually.
CRISPR–Cas9 can also be harnessed for other feats. Two clinical trials aim to seamlessly repair the defective β-globin gene in participants, exploiting a cellular mechanism called homology-directed repair. In this technique, the guide RNA and Cas9 are introduced alongside a donor DNA strand. Once the genomic DNA is cut, the donor DNA is inserted into the β-globin gene, replacing the mutation with a healthy sequence. This enables the sickle-cell defect to be directly corrected rather than bypassed (see ‘A trio of tactics’). “I think that is the cure that eventually closes the book on sickle-cell disease,” says Corbacioglu.
Homology-directed repair is more technically challenging than gene disruption, but Walters’s group has identified strategies to boost the efficiency of this approach. After the editing process, he says, “about 40% of the stem cells are carrying at least one healthy copy of the globin gene” — which should be sufficient to fully treat the disease. He and Kohn are collaborating on a trial that could begin recruiting later this year, and a second trial based on homology-directed repair is also under way at Graphite Bio in South San Francisco, California.
A malignant mystery
Enthusiasm about gene therapy’s potential for treating sickle-cell disease has been tempered by recent safety concerns that have delayed multiple studies. In February, Bluebird Bio announced that it was suspending its trial after two participants from its sickle-cell gene therapy trials were diagnosed with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Initially, researchers suspected two potential causes: lentivirus-induced activation of cancer-promoting genes, or uncontrolled growth of bone-marrow HSCs that were genetically damaged after surviving chemotherapy.
More from Nature Outlooks
Subsequent investigations have offered some reassurance, but have also added complexity. Williams, who assisted with data analysis for Bluebird Bio’s investigation, notes that the tumour cells from one patient lacked any lentivirus sequences, potentially implicating the chemotherapy. The cells of the second leukaemia patient did contain a viral insertion — but in a gene that has no known role in cancer. These results suggest that lentivirus is not the relevant risk factor — but because the leukaemia arose from a genetically modified cell, HSC damage from chemotherapy was also not to blame in that case. These findings are in keeping with the generally robust safety record of lentivirus in gene therapy for other disorders, but leave the cause of the AML as an open question. One hypothesis is that sickle-cell HSCs accumulate mutations more rapidly than their healthy counterparts do, making them especially vulnerable to cancerous transformation. “There are studies that report the increased risk of sickle-cell adult patients to develop a secondary malignancy later in life,” Cavazzana says (see, for example, ref. 7).
In June, the US Food & Drug Administration gave Bluebird Bio the all-clear to resume its trial, and other paused trials are now also re-opening. But if the root cause proves to be an inherent problem with the bone marrow of sickle-cell patients, both lentivirus and CRISPR-based therapies could remain equally likely to result in malignancies. “Until we know more about that,” says Walters, “every iteration of these gene-editing or gene-addition techniques has to come under the microscope.”
Weighing the risks
Even if there is a link to cancer risk, this will not be the end of the line for gene therapy in sickle-cell disease. For example, as Williams and Kohn reopen their respective lentivirus trials, they will adopt more-rigorous screening for trial participants to look for genetic mutations that might result in increased cancer risk. And because the prognosis for sickle-cell disease grows increasingly grim as individuals approach middle age, many could be willing to take their chances if there are relatively low odds of serious complications.
But honest, open communication will be essential to keep the patient community invested in clinical-trial participation. “The situation we’re currently in highlights the importance of robust, quality educational materials for families to understand the risks and benefits,” says Bonham, emphasizing the need for appropriate, informed-consent strategies for gene therapy. He also highlights the importance of broader education about gene therapy for primary-care physicians, based on surveys showing that people with sickle-cell disease rely most heavily on their family doctors in making health decisions.
It is a big ask for people to sign up to early clinical testing and development, with the prospect of beating this deadly disease balanced against so many unanswered questions. “It’s not a zero-risk proposition — any patient who does this is a pioneer,” says Weiss. “What we can say is that if it doesn’t offer you unconditional hope, it offers hope for the next generation that there’s going to be durable cures.”
First sickle cell patient treated with CRISPR gene-editing still thriving
A young Mississippi woman is thriving two years after getting treated for sickle cell disease with the revolutionary gene-editing technique known as CRISPR.
www.npr.org
Playing through sickle cell
CHICAGO — Eighteen minutes in with no break, Billy Garrett Jr. finally looks gassed, wiping sweat from his brow while visible sweat stains mark the back of his …
andscape.com
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Facts
Rest In Peace Ralston Jarrett. He's the son on an old military buddy of mine. This young 33-year brother opened his own Law Firm in Columbus Georgia two years ago. He made national news by refusing to cut his dreadlocks, which was "recommended" by a white Alabama state judge.
Inspiring Conversations with Ralston Jarrett - Voyage ATL Magazine | ATL City Guide
Inspiring Conversations with Ralston Jarrett - Voyage ATL Magazine | ATL City Guide
Remembering Ralston Jarrett: Columbus native and criminal defense attorney passes at 33-years-old
COLUMBUS, Ga. (WRBL) — Friends and colleagues are remembering an up-and-coming criminal defense attorney who died this past Thursday night. Ralston Jarrett, 33, was a Columbus native who spent the …
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Local man shares his message of inspiration while raising Sickle Cell awareness
Ralston Jarrett, author of the book "Legally Black," is a law school graduate who has achieved tremendous accomplishments–and he's done it while battling Sickle Cell. Tha…
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Condolences to his family he was a gift to the community
Local man shares his message of inspiration while raising Sickle Cell awareness
Ralston Jarrett, author of the book "Legally Black," is a law school graduate who has achieved tremendous accomplishments–and he's done it while battling Sickle Cell. Tha…
Condolences to his family he was a gift to the community
About six of us in one Army unit had what we called Desert Shiel/Desert Storm babies. These "Army Brats" continued to stay in touch throughout their lives. Losing this young man was like losing a nephew. His father is still struggling with losing his only son.