your entire post is idiotic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_route
A
polar route is an
aircraft route across the uninhabited polar ice cap regions. The term "polar route" was originally applied to
great circle routes...
Today[edit]
The American
Federal Aviation Administration now defines the North Polar area of operations as the area north of 78 deg north latitude,
[15] which is north of
Alaska and most of Siberia.
Aircraft like the
Boeing 747-400,
747-8,
777-200ER,
777-200LR and
777-300ER as well as the
Airbus A340,
A350 and
A380, with ranges of around 7,000 nautical miles (13,000 km) or more, are required to travel the long distances nonstop between suitable airports.
[16] Before this era, all flights from North America to
Asia were routed around the
Communist bloc using a series of tracks between Alaska and Japan.
Arctic polar routes are now common on airlines connecting Asian cities (
Bangkok,
Beijing,
Dubai,
Abu Dhabi,
Guangzhou,
Hong Kong,
New Delhi,
Mumbai,
Seoul,
Shanghai,
Singapore,
Taipei and
Tokyo) to North American cities (
New York,
Boston,
Chicago,
Detroit,
Houston,
Los Angeles,
San Francisco,
Seattle,
Toronto,
Vancouver and
Washington, D.C.).
Emirates flies nonstop from
Dubai to the US West Coast (
San Francisco,
Seattle and
Los Angeles), coming within a few degrees of latitude of the North Pole.
[17][18]
Antarctica[edit]
Few airlines fly between cities having a great circle route over Antarctica. Direct flights between
South Africa and
New Zealand would overfly Antarctica, but no airline has scheduled such flights.
LAN Airlines flies nonstop between
Auckland, Sydney and
Santiago,
Air New Zealand flies nonstop between Auckland and Buenos Aires starting December 1 2015, and Qantas flies nonstop between Sydney and Santiago, the most southerly polar route. Depending on winds, these reach 55 degrees south latitude, but other times 71 degrees, which is enough to cross the polar ice cap.
[19][
better source needed]
Depending on the winds, the
Qantas flight QF 63 from Sydney to
Johannesburg sometimes flies over the Antarctic Circle to latitude 71 degrees as well and allowing views of the icecap.
[20]
Operational considerations[edit]
The FAA's policy letter
Guidance for Polar Operations (March 5, 2001) outlines a number of special requirements for polar flight, which includes two cold-weather suits, special communication capability, designation of arctic
diversion airports and firm recovery plans for stranded passengers, and fuel freeze strategy and monitoring requirements.
[15]
Jet fuel freeze temperatures range between -40 and -50 °C. These temperatures are frequently encountered at cruise altitude throughout the world with no effect since the fuel retains heat from lower elevations, but the intense cold and extended duration of polar flights may cause fuel temperature to approach its freezing point. Jet A grade with a maximum freeze point of -40 °C is used in the U.S., while Jet A1 grade with a maximum freeze point of -47 °C is used elsewhere.
[21] Modern long-distance airliners are equipped to alert flight crew when fuel temperatures reach 3 °C above these levels. The crew must then change altitude, though in some cases due to the low
stratosphere over polar regions and its inversion properties the air may actually be somewhat warmer at higher altitudes.
[15]
The alerts are typically set at 3 °C above the specified maximum freeze point. This provides a 3 °C safety margin from the solidification temperature. However, fuels produced at the refineries are often better than the spec values; for example, it is not uncommon to find Jet A fuels that have measured freeze point better (colder) than the specified maximum of -40°C. In that way, the safety margin is even larger than 3 °C. On the other hand, the temperature probe that delivers fuel temperature information to the flight deck is not located in the coldest part of the fuel tanks. The difference between the recorded and the coldest fuel temperature varies depending on a variety of factors, especially the circulation of fuel in the tanks and duration of cold soak. It is, therefore, prudent to have a safety margin.
For polar flights, FAA allows,
[22] under certain conditions, the measured freeze point be used instead of assuming the spec value in ASTM D1655. This gives the airlines more flexibility in flight planning.
how does this help me and my folks with racism and other issues that are going on every day??
NO YOU DIDN'T.
