#NYPD thinks we are a "ghetto, garbage community"
Wrong.
We are a revolution.
#OpKKK #HoodsOff #Ferguson
@NYPDnews pic.twitter.com/h5cK2k5Lf3
This Needs to be Blown Up and Made Viral
Police just executed an unarmed 17 yr old brotha (shot 10 times)
- Thread starter Llano
- Start date
This Needs to be Blown Up and Made Viral
#NYPD thinks we are a "ghetto, garbage community"
Wrong.
We are a revolution.
#OpKKK #HoodsOff #Ferguson
@NYPDnews pic.twitter.com/h5cK2k5Lf3
That bitch trolling I just check city payroll records which is public info and her name does not show up in the database
This Needs to be Blown Up and Made Viral
I think that's a fake profile
That dumb bitch can't be that stupid her name is public record anyone can look up her salary for as a NYC employee and her name does not pop up
Cool
....But Remember We Have Seen Multiple Examples Of People Being Just That Dumb...That GOP Staffer is Just the Latest of Many....I Just Wanna Try to Get as Many of Em As We Can On Blast 
http://thinkprogress.org/justice/20...ial-prosecutor-and-bring-justice-to-ferguson/
TRENDING
How One Woman Could Hit The Reset Button In The Case Against Darren Wilson
BY JUDD LEGUM POSTED ON DECEMBER 2, 2014 AT 10:45 AM*UPDATED: DECEMBER 2, 2014 AT 4:58 PM
Share this:
For a week, the airwaves have been filled with news of the decision by the Ferguson grand jury not to indict Darren Wilson. Prosecutor Bob McCulloch gave a dramatic press conference. Wilson hit the interview circuit. Protesters filled the streets of West Florissant Avenue.
But legally speaking, nothing has happened. We are in exactly the same legal position as before the prosecutors made their (extremely unusual) presentation to the grand jury.
If McCulloch wanted to, he could present evidence in the case to a new grand jury and seek an indictment of Wilson. Although a constitutional protection known as “double jeopardy” says you can’t be tried for the same crime twice, the provision has not yet been triggered since Wilson was never even charged.
Of course, McCulloch would never pursue new charges because — as he made clear in his press conference — he vehemently believes Wilson is innocent. It is McCulloch’s vocal allegiance to the defendant that has caused many legal experts to question the process.
So in order for the evidence to be presented to a new grand jury, a new prosecutor would have to be appointed. Missouri Governor Jay Nixon has the power to appoint a special prosecutor for the case. But Nixon, through a spokesman, said he would not appoint one. Most people have treated this as the end of the story.
It’s not.
There is a provision of Missouri Law — MO Rev Stat § 56.110 — that empowers “the court having criminal jurisdiction” to “appoint some other attorney to prosecute” if the prosecuting attorney “be interested.” (The term “be interested” is an awkward legal way to refer to conflict-of-interest or bias. The statute dates from the turn of the 20th century.)
The court with jurisdiction over Darren Wilson’s case is the 21st Judicial Circuit Court of Missouri. That means the power to appoint a special prosecutor is held by Maura McShane, the Presiding Judge of the 21st Circuit.
Missouri courts, at times, have interpreted their power to appoint a special prosecutor broadly, to include not only blatant conflicts — like the prosecutor being related to the defendant — but also subtler conflicts that reveal themselves through the prosecutor’s conduct in the case.
In the 1996 case of State v. Copeland, a Missouri court replaced the prosecutor because the judge “sensed that [the prosecutor’s] sympathies for [the defendant] may have prevented him from being an effective advocate for the state.” The judge “found the adversarial process to have broken down in that [the prosecutor] appeared to be advocating the defendant’s position.”
The criticism of the prosecutor in Copeland largely mirrors the criticism of McCulloch and his team in Wilson’s case. Ben Trachtenberg, a professor at the University of Missouri School of law, told ThinkProgress last week that McCulloch’s statement after the grand jury decision “read like a closing argument for the defense.” Marjorie Cohn, a professor of criminal law and procedure at Thomas Jefferson School of Law agreed, saying “It was clear the prosecutor was partisan in this case, and not partisan in the way prosecutors usually are, which is to get people indicted.” Another expert, Susan McGraugh, an associate professor at the Saint Louis University School of Law, also criticized McCulloch’s conduct. “His duty is not to be a defense attorney,” McGraugh said.
In an interview with ThinkProgress, Washington University law professor Mae Quinn said she believed an appointment of a special prosecutor by Judge McShane would still be possible under the law. Quinn said, “this case was treated very very differently from every other case before the grand jury in St. Louis County.”
Indeed, Bob McCulloch admitted as much, telling the grand jury at the start of the proceeding that the case would be “different from a lot of the other cases you’ve heard, that you’ve heard during your term.” A grand jury returns an indictment in the overwhelming majority of cases.
Quinn also noted that the prosecutors vouched for the police to the grand jury, linking the credibility of their office to the credibility of the police. McCulloch introduced assistant prosecutor Kathi Alizadeh, who was one of the main attorneys presenting evidence to the grand jury, as someone who has been “working with the police… on this since the very beginning.”
Alizadeh told jurors, just before Wilson testified, that the “policies of the police department” don’t “have anything to do with your decision” because a separate federal investigation would look into those issues. She also “instructed grand jurors on how to decide the case based on a statute that was invalidated by the U.S. Supreme Court two decades ago.” The statute “said that officers can use any force they deem necessary to achieve the arrest of a fleeing suspect.” It was invalidated as unconstitutional in 1985.
Alizadeh and another assistant prosecutor were also criticized for their gentle handling of Wilson and aggressive examination of any witness that was adverse to his defense.
Quinn told ThinkProgress that it appears Judge McShane, based on the authority granted to her under the statute, could appoint a new prosecutor at any time. (The legal term for this kind of decision, which doesn’t come at the prompting of any party, is sua sponte.)
Another approach would be for members of the community, perhaps Brown’s family, to claim standing in the case and file a motion pursuant to the statute asking Judge McShane to appoint a special prosecutor. Absent a formal motion, members of the community could also contact the court and request Judge McShane to appoint a special prosecutor to the case.
A special prosecutor could take a fresh look at all the evidence to seek an indictment from a new grand jury, charge Wilson directly or decline any prosecution.
Quinn said she could imagine “the justice system deciding upon a second look, particularly given the stakes here, just to be on the safe side.”
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© 2005-2014 Center for American Progress Action Fund
TRENDING
How One Woman Could Hit The Reset Button In The Case Against Darren Wilson
BY JUDD LEGUM POSTED ON DECEMBER 2, 2014 AT 10:45 AM*UPDATED: DECEMBER 2, 2014 AT 4:58 PM
Share this:
For a week, the airwaves have been filled with news of the decision by the Ferguson grand jury not to indict Darren Wilson. Prosecutor Bob McCulloch gave a dramatic press conference. Wilson hit the interview circuit. Protesters filled the streets of West Florissant Avenue.
But legally speaking, nothing has happened. We are in exactly the same legal position as before the prosecutors made their (extremely unusual) presentation to the grand jury.
If McCulloch wanted to, he could present evidence in the case to a new grand jury and seek an indictment of Wilson. Although a constitutional protection known as “double jeopardy” says you can’t be tried for the same crime twice, the provision has not yet been triggered since Wilson was never even charged.
Of course, McCulloch would never pursue new charges because — as he made clear in his press conference — he vehemently believes Wilson is innocent. It is McCulloch’s vocal allegiance to the defendant that has caused many legal experts to question the process.
So in order for the evidence to be presented to a new grand jury, a new prosecutor would have to be appointed. Missouri Governor Jay Nixon has the power to appoint a special prosecutor for the case. But Nixon, through a spokesman, said he would not appoint one. Most people have treated this as the end of the story.
It’s not.
There is a provision of Missouri Law — MO Rev Stat § 56.110 — that empowers “the court having criminal jurisdiction” to “appoint some other attorney to prosecute” if the prosecuting attorney “be interested.” (The term “be interested” is an awkward legal way to refer to conflict-of-interest or bias. The statute dates from the turn of the 20th century.)
The court with jurisdiction over Darren Wilson’s case is the 21st Judicial Circuit Court of Missouri. That means the power to appoint a special prosecutor is held by Maura McShane, the Presiding Judge of the 21st Circuit.
Missouri courts, at times, have interpreted their power to appoint a special prosecutor broadly, to include not only blatant conflicts — like the prosecutor being related to the defendant — but also subtler conflicts that reveal themselves through the prosecutor’s conduct in the case.
In the 1996 case of State v. Copeland, a Missouri court replaced the prosecutor because the judge “sensed that [the prosecutor’s] sympathies for [the defendant] may have prevented him from being an effective advocate for the state.” The judge “found the adversarial process to have broken down in that [the prosecutor] appeared to be advocating the defendant’s position.”
The criticism of the prosecutor in Copeland largely mirrors the criticism of McCulloch and his team in Wilson’s case. Ben Trachtenberg, a professor at the University of Missouri School of law, told ThinkProgress last week that McCulloch’s statement after the grand jury decision “read like a closing argument for the defense.” Marjorie Cohn, a professor of criminal law and procedure at Thomas Jefferson School of Law agreed, saying “It was clear the prosecutor was partisan in this case, and not partisan in the way prosecutors usually are, which is to get people indicted.” Another expert, Susan McGraugh, an associate professor at the Saint Louis University School of Law, also criticized McCulloch’s conduct. “His duty is not to be a defense attorney,” McGraugh said.
In an interview with ThinkProgress, Washington University law professor Mae Quinn said she believed an appointment of a special prosecutor by Judge McShane would still be possible under the law. Quinn said, “this case was treated very very differently from every other case before the grand jury in St. Louis County.”
Indeed, Bob McCulloch admitted as much, telling the grand jury at the start of the proceeding that the case would be “different from a lot of the other cases you’ve heard, that you’ve heard during your term.” A grand jury returns an indictment in the overwhelming majority of cases.
Quinn also noted that the prosecutors vouched for the police to the grand jury, linking the credibility of their office to the credibility of the police. McCulloch introduced assistant prosecutor Kathi Alizadeh, who was one of the main attorneys presenting evidence to the grand jury, as someone who has been “working with the police… on this since the very beginning.”
Alizadeh told jurors, just before Wilson testified, that the “policies of the police department” don’t “have anything to do with your decision” because a separate federal investigation would look into those issues. She also “instructed grand jurors on how to decide the case based on a statute that was invalidated by the U.S. Supreme Court two decades ago.” The statute “said that officers can use any force they deem necessary to achieve the arrest of a fleeing suspect.” It was invalidated as unconstitutional in 1985.
Alizadeh and another assistant prosecutor were also criticized for their gentle handling of Wilson and aggressive examination of any witness that was adverse to his defense.
Quinn told ThinkProgress that it appears Judge McShane, based on the authority granted to her under the statute, could appoint a new prosecutor at any time. (The legal term for this kind of decision, which doesn’t come at the prompting of any party, is sua sponte.)
Another approach would be for members of the community, perhaps Brown’s family, to claim standing in the case and file a motion pursuant to the statute asking Judge McShane to appoint a special prosecutor. Absent a formal motion, members of the community could also contact the court and request Judge McShane to appoint a special prosecutor to the case.
A special prosecutor could take a fresh look at all the evidence to seek an indictment from a new grand jury, charge Wilson directly or decline any prosecution.
Quinn said she could imagine “the justice system deciding upon a second look, particularly given the stakes here, just to be on the safe side.”
About ThinkProgress | Contact Us | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy (off-site) | State Notices | Reuse Policy | RSS | Advertise | Donate
© 2005-2014 Center for American Progress Action Fund
BeatDownRecords That woman may not care about her profile being public record. She may have a lot of fire power in her life. And may be a member of one of these groups that are training a lot in preparation to kill us.
A dude I went to school with became mayor of the city I live in. When he became mayor they had a klan rally at the park here.
I was at the hospital getting ready to pull into a parking space when a white lady drove up fast and rushed into the spot and then started hollering a lot of foul stuff. The way she was shouting and cursing I know she was strapped, all she wanted was an excuse.
In some places they have white supremacist that will walk up to you and spit in your face and ask you ****** is you ready to die. And if you say yes they will kill you right there. But they only do it when you are by yourself and it is more than one of them. But I tell you be careful. Our life and death has already been planned. They were waiting on the right situation. That in Ferguson was suppose to be it. But the spells and curses did not work like they planned them then. But they are not going to give up. This is like a grace period for us to be able to get together and organize and be able to protect ourselves when the next attack comes. A lot of blacks cannot see the hand writing on the wall. These people are using tax dollars to arm themselves and train to kill us right in our face and it is suicidal for us to not try to get prepared to defend ourselves.
http://oneblacknation.webs.com/
http://blacknation.vpweb.com/default.html
A dude I went to school with became mayor of the city I live in. When he became mayor they had a klan rally at the park here.
I was at the hospital getting ready to pull into a parking space when a white lady drove up fast and rushed into the spot and then started hollering a lot of foul stuff. The way she was shouting and cursing I know she was strapped, all she wanted was an excuse.
In some places they have white supremacist that will walk up to you and spit in your face and ask you ****** is you ready to die. And if you say yes they will kill you right there. But they only do it when you are by yourself and it is more than one of them. But I tell you be careful. Our life and death has already been planned. They were waiting on the right situation. That in Ferguson was suppose to be it. But the spells and curses did not work like they planned them then. But they are not going to give up. This is like a grace period for us to be able to get together and organize and be able to protect ourselves when the next attack comes. A lot of blacks cannot see the hand writing on the wall. These people are using tax dollars to arm themselves and train to kill us right in our face and it is suicidal for us to not try to get prepared to defend ourselves.
http://oneblacknation.webs.com/
http://blacknation.vpweb.com/default.html
therealjondoe I read some of that that you wrote but then I had to run off. But what is Al Sharpton doing on this at the present time? I do not trust that lawyer the family has.
http://oneblacknation.webs.com/
http://blacknation.vpweb.com/default.html
http://oneblacknation.webs.com/
http://blacknation.vpweb.com/default.html
Her name doesn't show up on NYC public records as being a police officer
If you work for the city of NY in any capacity your name is public record
Ferguson protesters block DC bridge
WASHINGTON (AP) -- Protesters blocked traffic in the District of Columbia a third day in a row, this time on the 14th Street Bridge.
Protesters laid in the roadway or stood holding hands and signs during the Monday morning commute. Police were at the scene and put up yellow tape to separate the protesters from stopped traffic.
The protesters are demonstrating against the Ferguson, Missouri, grand jury decision last week declining to indict a white police officer for shooting an unarmed black teenager. They carried signs that read, "Accountability for killer cops" and "Black lives matter."
On Sunday, police took a group of protesters into custody after they blocked traffic on the Southeast-Southwest Freeway of Interstate 395. On Saturday, protesters blocked streets in Georgetown and in the Pentagon City area of Arlington County.
WASHINGTON (AP) -- Protesters blocked traffic in the District of Columbia a third day in a row, this time on the 14th Street Bridge.
Protesters laid in the roadway or stood holding hands and signs during the Monday morning commute. Police were at the scene and put up yellow tape to separate the protesters from stopped traffic.
The protesters are demonstrating against the Ferguson, Missouri, grand jury decision last week declining to indict a white police officer for shooting an unarmed black teenager. They carried signs that read, "Accountability for killer cops" and "Black lives matter."
On Sunday, police took a group of protesters into custody after they blocked traffic on the Southeast-Southwest Freeway of Interstate 395. On Saturday, protesters blocked streets in Georgetown and in the Pentagon City area of Arlington County.
Students participating in a "die-in" for 4.5 minutes at Tate Plaza #Ferguson #MikeBrown #UGA @UGANAACP pic.twitter.com/kg4Tnn8rY1
7:06pm - 2 Dec 14
http://fox2now.com/2014/12/02/facebook-death-threats-against-officer-darren-wilson-lead-to-arrest/
Facebook death threats against Officer Darren Wilson lead to arrest
<div id="fb-root"></div> <script>(function(d, s, id) { var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) return; js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/all.js#xfbml=1"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk'));</script>
<div class="fb-post" data-href="https://www.facebook.com/jaleel1968/posts/10205230137094288" data-width="552"><div class="fb-xfbml-parse-ignore"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/jaleel1968/posts/10205230137094288">Post</a> by <a href="https://www.facebook.com/jaleel1968">Jaleel Tariq Abdul-Jabbaar</a>.</div></div>
Facebook death threats against Officer Darren Wilson lead to arrest
<div id="fb-root"></div> <script>(function(d, s, id) { var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) return; js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/all.js#xfbml=1"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk'));</script>
<div class="fb-post" data-href="https://www.facebook.com/jaleel1968/posts/10205230137094288" data-width="552"><div class="fb-xfbml-parse-ignore"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/jaleel1968/posts/10205230137094288">Post</a> by <a href="https://www.facebook.com/jaleel1968">Jaleel Tariq Abdul-Jabbaar</a>.</div></div>
So a few years ago when that dude for the 9ers dropped that punt and cost them a trip to the super bowl, didn't he receive death threats? Were those people that levied those threats arrested?
What about the black hockey player a couple years ago that just was on a team that won the Stanley Cup and received death threats, were those people arrested?
Gotta love how they pick n choose....
I’m just out here working hard every single day, just trying to be the best poster I can be....
What about the black hockey player a couple years ago that just was on a team that won the Stanley Cup and received death threats, were those people arrested?
Gotta love how they pick n choose....
I’m just out here working hard every single day, just trying to be the best poster I can be....
Mike Ditka needs to shut the fuck up.....
Wow, if that's not as close to a smoking gun. ..
The question is simple, why would you yell at a police officer who just saved his own life?
and was this even included as a part of the presentation in what was presented to the grand jury?
Man supposedly the grand jury heads from 50 plus witnesses....
So I'm cluesless as to who actually spoke. There's been little to no chatter from the peoples who witnessed the excutation. They were running they're chops before hand. Have any one if them who expressed the need from Wilson to be arrested spoke up? I've stayed close to this story from day one, I may have missed it...
So I'm cluesless as to who actually spoke. There's been little to no chatter from the peoples who witnessed the excutation. They were running they're chops before hand. Have any one if them who expressed the need from Wilson to be arrested spoke up? I've stayed close to this story from day one, I may have missed it...
@WSJ
From #Ferguson to #EricGarner, how social media is helping activists organize: on.wsj.com/1zqIhSq pic.twitter.com/Uxi0QPNJeo
5:42pm - 4 Dec 14
Ferguson to New York, Social Media Is the Organizer’s Biggest Megaphone
The speed with which these demonstrations came together and grew reflected intense planning by organizers and activists and shows how social media has matured into a crucial tactic for coordinating activity, drawing people to the streets and trading tips.
Getty Images
Within minutes of the grand jury’s decision Wednesday, Twitter and Facebook lit up with thousands of messages around hashtags such as #EricGarner, #ICantBreathe and #BlackLivesMatter. Facebook pages called for protests in cities around the country. Hundreds of people soon crowded in protest at New York’s Grand Central Station and Times Square.
This was not serendipitous. The speed with which these demonstrations came together and grew reflected intense planning by organizers and activists and shows how social media has matured into a crucial tactic for coordinating activity, drawing people to the streets and trading tips.
“This can happen offline, but online we can amplify it more, and it reaches people faster,” says New York-based feminist media activist Jamia Wilson. “This is why these on-the-ground demonstrations can happen so quickly.”
A similar scenario played out last week around the grand jury’s decision not to indict police officer Darren Wilson in the shooting death of teenager Michael Brown in Ferguson, Mo. In that case, organizers had prepared ahead of time by using social media to organize demonstrations, setting up a website that mapped out potential places to protest and a Tumblr page to denote protests happening in places around the country.
Organizers Mariame Kaba and Kelly Hayes, both in Chicago, for example, started a Facebook event page planning protests in their city. They tried to estimate when the Ferguson decision would be made, and updated the page accordingly. In part due to their planning, the protest unfolded very quickly.
With the momentum of the success of the Michael Brown protests, activists were again able to set the stage, deciding on hashtags ahead of time and choosing locations to gather at after the New York verdict.
Hayes was following conversations on Twitter Wednesday ahead of the Eric Garner decision, when she saw mention of a peace circle to be held in Rogers Park, Chicago, in memory of Garner. She arrived at 6 p.m., to find 40 others already there.
After meticulous planning, once the demonstrations begin it’s the vivid photos and videos sent by people on the scene that ultimately spur throngs of others to join the protests, social-media experts say.
“You can see that it’s not just five people standing in Times Square — it’s people marching throughout the city,” said Marcus Messner, associate professor of journalism at Virginia Commonwealth University who teaches social-media journalism. “The immediate visuals we’re seeing on Twitter and Instagram help people overcome that barrier to getting out and protesting.”
Antonio French learned about unrest in Ferguson in a tweet from a traditional news outlet that used the term “mob” in it. The St. Louis alderman wanted to see for himself. When he arrived at the site of the protests, he found no media there, and no one capturing what the community was saying and feeling.
St. Louis Alderman Antonio French, (L), is escorted by police after a large group of protesters violating the midnight curfew were dispersed in Ferguson, Mo., in August.
European Pressphoto Agency
“My role in those first few days was kind of like a reporter,” said the former journalist, whose Twitter following has climbed from about 4,000 before the Mike Brown protests to 120,000 today. His role has changed, he said, to peacekeeper, and then mediator between protesters and police. All of that has had a social media aspect to it, he said.
“Had it not been for Twitter, I’m pretty sure that Ferguson would not have become what it has,” he said. “In fact, it’s now hard to talk about Ferguson without hashtag Ferguson.” He said he has watched as even the Ferguson police have joined the Twitter conversation.
This isn’t the first time protests organized on social media have grown to such large proportions of course. In Egypt in 2010 and 2011, for example, people organized around the Facebook group “We Are All Khaled Said,” created in memory of a young man who was killed by the police after he had posted anti-police videos online from an Internet café. His murder sparked protests that ultimately led to the revolution that toppled long-time President Hosni Mubarak.
One of the advantages activists have found to organizing on social media, both in Egypt as well as now in the U.S., is the ease with which they can trade ideas on the best ways to plan events.
Shortly after Brown was killed, for example, New York-based activist ‘Feminista Jones’ called for people to volunteer to host local national moments of silence to mourn Brown on Aug. 14 under the hashtag #nmos14. People who had never launched a protest asked on Twitter: “What materials do we need?” “How do we get the word out?” Some activists recommended using “light boards” that can project messages on buildings to help get the attention of passersby and tell them where the protests are occurring and what the messages are.
“Across different states, you see similar demonstration tactics being used because social media allows us to share,” Chicago-based activist Suey Park says.
Hayes notes that social media has also made it more likely that mainstream media will notice an event, if not as it is unfolding, then later when reporters notice the trail of photos and comments on Twitter and Facebook. “Before we had Twitter and Facebook, the main chance for people to learn about our event was if the media covered it,” she said. “Now with social media, we cover our own story.”
As organizers tell their story, many are keen to elevate the voices of the people most involved in local communities. “Yes, it’s important to retweet reporters, it’s important to retweet the news, but for this, many groups are advising their grassroots members to retweet people on the ground to elevate their stories,” Wilson says.
But even as activists call on one another to retweet certain voices, no single face has emerged for this movement.
“People are looking for an overarching leader, and I don’t think that we’re going to find that,” says Joseph Mayton, a blogger who reported in Cairo throughout the Arab Spring and now lives in California’s Bay Area. “There is no need for one leader—people can come together online and do their own thing, and head into the streets and make change.”
–Jeff Elder contributed to this article
Follow @georgia_wells
From #Ferguson to #EricGarner, how social media is helping activists organize: on.wsj.com/1zqIhSq pic.twitter.com/Uxi0QPNJeo
5:42pm - 4 Dec 14
Ferguson to New York, Social Media Is the Organizer’s Biggest Megaphone
The speed with which these demonstrations came together and grew reflected intense planning by organizers and activists and shows how social media has matured into a crucial tactic for coordinating activity, drawing people to the streets and trading tips.
Getty Images
Within minutes of the grand jury’s decision Wednesday, Twitter and Facebook lit up with thousands of messages around hashtags such as #EricGarner, #ICantBreathe and #BlackLivesMatter. Facebook pages called for protests in cities around the country. Hundreds of people soon crowded in protest at New York’s Grand Central Station and Times Square.
This was not serendipitous. The speed with which these demonstrations came together and grew reflected intense planning by organizers and activists and shows how social media has matured into a crucial tactic for coordinating activity, drawing people to the streets and trading tips.
“This can happen offline, but online we can amplify it more, and it reaches people faster,” says New York-based feminist media activist Jamia Wilson. “This is why these on-the-ground demonstrations can happen so quickly.”
A similar scenario played out last week around the grand jury’s decision not to indict police officer Darren Wilson in the shooting death of teenager Michael Brown in Ferguson, Mo. In that case, organizers had prepared ahead of time by using social media to organize demonstrations, setting up a website that mapped out potential places to protest and a Tumblr page to denote protests happening in places around the country.
Organizers Mariame Kaba and Kelly Hayes, both in Chicago, for example, started a Facebook event page planning protests in their city. They tried to estimate when the Ferguson decision would be made, and updated the page accordingly. In part due to their planning, the protest unfolded very quickly.
With the momentum of the success of the Michael Brown protests, activists were again able to set the stage, deciding on hashtags ahead of time and choosing locations to gather at after the New York verdict.
Hayes was following conversations on Twitter Wednesday ahead of the Eric Garner decision, when she saw mention of a peace circle to be held in Rogers Park, Chicago, in memory of Garner. She arrived at 6 p.m., to find 40 others already there.
After meticulous planning, once the demonstrations begin it’s the vivid photos and videos sent by people on the scene that ultimately spur throngs of others to join the protests, social-media experts say.
“You can see that it’s not just five people standing in Times Square — it’s people marching throughout the city,” said Marcus Messner, associate professor of journalism at Virginia Commonwealth University who teaches social-media journalism. “The immediate visuals we’re seeing on Twitter and Instagram help people overcome that barrier to getting out and protesting.”
Antonio French learned about unrest in Ferguson in a tweet from a traditional news outlet that used the term “mob” in it. The St. Louis alderman wanted to see for himself. When he arrived at the site of the protests, he found no media there, and no one capturing what the community was saying and feeling.
St. Louis Alderman Antonio French, (L), is escorted by police after a large group of protesters violating the midnight curfew were dispersed in Ferguson, Mo., in August.
European Pressphoto Agency
“My role in those first few days was kind of like a reporter,” said the former journalist, whose Twitter following has climbed from about 4,000 before the Mike Brown protests to 120,000 today. His role has changed, he said, to peacekeeper, and then mediator between protesters and police. All of that has had a social media aspect to it, he said.
“Had it not been for Twitter, I’m pretty sure that Ferguson would not have become what it has,” he said. “In fact, it’s now hard to talk about Ferguson without hashtag Ferguson.” He said he has watched as even the Ferguson police have joined the Twitter conversation.
This isn’t the first time protests organized on social media have grown to such large proportions of course. In Egypt in 2010 and 2011, for example, people organized around the Facebook group “We Are All Khaled Said,” created in memory of a young man who was killed by the police after he had posted anti-police videos online from an Internet café. His murder sparked protests that ultimately led to the revolution that toppled long-time President Hosni Mubarak.
One of the advantages activists have found to organizing on social media, both in Egypt as well as now in the U.S., is the ease with which they can trade ideas on the best ways to plan events.
Shortly after Brown was killed, for example, New York-based activist ‘Feminista Jones’ called for people to volunteer to host local national moments of silence to mourn Brown on Aug. 14 under the hashtag #nmos14. People who had never launched a protest asked on Twitter: “What materials do we need?” “How do we get the word out?” Some activists recommended using “light boards” that can project messages on buildings to help get the attention of passersby and tell them where the protests are occurring and what the messages are.
“Across different states, you see similar demonstration tactics being used because social media allows us to share,” Chicago-based activist Suey Park says.
Hayes notes that social media has also made it more likely that mainstream media will notice an event, if not as it is unfolding, then later when reporters notice the trail of photos and comments on Twitter and Facebook. “Before we had Twitter and Facebook, the main chance for people to learn about our event was if the media covered it,” she said. “Now with social media, we cover our own story.”
As organizers tell their story, many are keen to elevate the voices of the people most involved in local communities. “Yes, it’s important to retweet reporters, it’s important to retweet the news, but for this, many groups are advising their grassroots members to retweet people on the ground to elevate their stories,” Wilson says.
But even as activists call on one another to retweet certain voices, no single face has emerged for this movement.
“People are looking for an overarching leader, and I don’t think that we’re going to find that,” says Joseph Mayton, a blogger who reported in Cairo throughout the Arab Spring and now lives in California’s Bay Area. “There is no need for one leader—people can come together online and do their own thing, and head into the streets and make change.”
–Jeff Elder contributed to this article
Follow @georgia_wells
This dude getting more airtime than Mike Brown mother....
McCulloch supporter: McCulloch never intended to indict Wilson
http://www.msnbc.com/all/mcculloch-...n?hootPostID=9ab0df4c2f77a19f66bb844430c01d8e
Jeff Roorda, business manager for the St. Louis Police Officers Association, appeared on Wednesday night’s ‘All In’ to discuss the ways police officers are viewed by the people they are tasked with protecting. During the course of the conversation, Roorda tells Chris Hayes that St. Louis County Prosecuting Attorney, Bob McCulloch only convened a Grand Jury to “oblige the public outcry when he didn’t believe there was enough to charge.”
Below is a transcript of that conversation:
HAYES: Mr. Roorda, if this is the best process that will can be offered,
will you commit here on air for calling for Bob McCulloch to pursue this
process in all subsequent cases?
ROORDA: The process that Bob McCulloch used in this case was different.
It was to oblige the public outcry when he didn`t believe there was enough
to charge. He didn`t believe that the evidence led to the conclusion that
the officer violated the law, but he still took it –
HAYES: If it`s a good process, should the prosecutor demand that process -
ROORDA: He still provided all the evidence to the grand jurors and they
reached the same conclusion that he did.
HAYES: If the process is a good process, should the prosecutor always use
that process, yes or no?
ROORDA: No, he shouldn`t have used in this case. He should have said
there`s not enough evidence to pursue a charge here. He should have never
taken it to the grand jury.
McCulloch supporter: McCulloch never intended to indict Wilson
http://www.msnbc.com/all/mcculloch-...n?hootPostID=9ab0df4c2f77a19f66bb844430c01d8e
Jeff Roorda, business manager for the St. Louis Police Officers Association, appeared on Wednesday night’s ‘All In’ to discuss the ways police officers are viewed by the people they are tasked with protecting. During the course of the conversation, Roorda tells Chris Hayes that St. Louis County Prosecuting Attorney, Bob McCulloch only convened a Grand Jury to “oblige the public outcry when he didn’t believe there was enough to charge.”
Below is a transcript of that conversation:
HAYES: Mr. Roorda, if this is the best process that will can be offered,
will you commit here on air for calling for Bob McCulloch to pursue this
process in all subsequent cases?
ROORDA: The process that Bob McCulloch used in this case was different.
It was to oblige the public outcry when he didn`t believe there was enough
to charge. He didn`t believe that the evidence led to the conclusion that
the officer violated the law, but he still took it –
HAYES: If it`s a good process, should the prosecutor demand that process -
ROORDA: He still provided all the evidence to the grand jurors and they
reached the same conclusion that he did.
HAYES: If the process is a good process, should the prosecutor always use
that process, yes or no?
ROORDA: No, he shouldn`t have used in this case. He should have said
there`s not enough evidence to pursue a charge here. He should have never
taken it to the grand jury.
@chrislhayes
"...in July 1997, Roorda attempted to try to “cover” for another police officer by filing a report..." <1/2>
"that contained false statements as to what happened during a suspect's apprehension and arrest." <2/2>
5:09pm - 1 Dec 14
---------------------
This is the man calling witnesses "discredited". caselaw.findlaw.com/mo-court-of-ap…
5:07pm - 1 Dec 14
ROORDA v. THE CITY OF ARNOLD
Missouri Court of Appeals,Western District.
Jeffrey ROORDA, Appellant, v. THE CITY OF ARNOLD, Missouri, et al., Respondents.
No. WD 62570.
Decided: June 22, 2004
Before JOSEPH M. ELLIS, Chief Judge, PATRICIA BRECKENRIDGE, Judge and VICTOR C. HOWARD, Judge. Richard A. Barry, III, St. Louis, MO, for appellant. Stephen T. Hamby, Michael D. Hart, Co-Counsel, St. Louis, MO, for respondent.
For eleven years, appellant, Jeffrey Roorda, was a full-time commissioned police officer employed by respondent, City of Arnold (“City”), a city of the third classification located in Jefferson County, Missouri which has adopted a merit system of employment for its police officers pursuant to § 85.541.1 After an informal pre-termination hearing was held on the morning of June 20, 2001, Roorda was terminated by the City effective later that afternoon. Roorda timely appealed his dismissal to the Arnold Police Personnel Board (“Board”), which upheld his termination on December 12, 2001, after conducting a contested, on-the-record hearing in September and October 2001.2 Roorda timely filed a Petition for Judicial Review of the Board's decision in the Circuit Court of Cole County.3 On August 27, 2002, the circuit court denied Roorda's motion to supplement the record with certain evidence excluded by the Board and on February 4, 2003, the court entered a judgment sustaining the decision of the Board upholding Roorda's dismissal. Thereafter, Roorda timely filed this appeal. We affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
Standard of Review and Facts
The general standards governing our review of this contested case were set forth in Orion Security, Inc. v. Board of Police Commissioners of Kansas City, 90 S.W.3d 157 (Mo.App. W.D.2002):
This court reviews the decision of the Board, not that of the circuit court. On appeal from an agency decision in a contested case, we consider only whether the agency's findings are supported by competent and substantial evidence on the record as a whole. We may not substitute our judgment on the evidence for that of the agency, and we must defer to the agency's determinations on the weight of the evidence and the credibility of witnesses. If the decision of the agency is supported by substantial and competent evidence on the whole record, it must be affirmed. On the other hand, we must reverse the agency's findings if it is determined the decision is not supported by competent and substantial evidence on the whole record, or if the decision constitutes an abuse of discretion, or is unauthorized by law, or is arbitrary and capricious. The evidence and all reasonable inferences from the evidence is considered in the light most favorable to the administrative agency's findings. The fact-finding function rests with the agency, and even if the evidence would support either of two findings, the court is bound by the agency's factual determination. While this Court cannot substitute its own judgment on factual matters, it can independently determine questions of law.
Id. at 163 (internal citations, quotation marks, and brackets omitted); see also § 536.140.2.
So viewed, the record reveals that in July 1997, Roorda attempted to try to “cover” for another police officer by filing a report that contained false statements as to what happened during a suspect's apprehension and arrest. As a result of this false report, all charges against the defendant involved were dropped, and Roorda received a written reprimand from B.J. Nelson (the City's Chief of Police at the time) for violating the City Police Department's General Order 74.4 (“False Reporting”).4 The written reprimand issued to Roorda stated, in relevant part: “If it is ever determined again that you have lied in a police report, you will receive a more severe punishment, up to and including termination.”
On March 15, 2001, Roorda wrote a memorandum to Dale Fredeking (“Chief Fredeking”), who was then the City's Chief of Police,5 informing Chief Fredeking of Roorda's intention to utilize twelve weeks of leave under the Family Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”) to attend to the upcoming birth of his child and asking permission to take such leave from May 22 through August 14, 2001. Roorda further asked to have this time classified as paid sick leave. On March 19, 2001, Chief Fredeking responded to Roorda by memorandum, informing him that, while he could take FMLA leave for the birth of his child, the leave would be unpaid and the City could require him to use all of his paid vacation time before receiving unpaid FMLA leave. Chief Fredeking further advised Roorda that the pertinent Departmental General Order did not allow the use of paid sick leave to attend to the birth of a child.
On May 1, 2001, Roorda met with Chief Fredeking in Fredeking's office to discuss his refusal to grant Roorda's request to receive full sick pay while on FMLA leave. Roorda closed the door to Chief Fredeking's office a couple of minutes after the meeting commenced. On May 21, 2001, Roorda filed an Allegation of Employee Misconduct Report (“Misconduct Report”), in which he stated that Chief Fredeking had verbally abused and attempted to intimidate him during the May 1, 2001 meeting, which began in the Chief's office around 11:15 a.m. that morning. In particular, Roorda alleged that “Chief Fredeking yelled and cursed at me and slammed his fist on his desk in what appeared to be an attempt to intimidate me away from my legitimate request to use sick time. The Chief's door was open at the time and the administrative staff was on hand.” The next day, Roorda filed an Internal Affairs Statement of Complaint (“IA Complaint”) setting forth exactly the same complaints and allegations contained in the Misconduct Report he had filed the day before. Within the body of the IA Complaint, Roorda affirmed that the facts and information contained therein were true as follows: “I, Sgt. Jeff Roorda, do hereby affirm that the foregoing statement was given freely and without duress, and that all facts and information contained therein are true to the best of my knowledge.”
On May 22, 2001, the Commander of the Department's Division of Internal Affairs, Detective Sergeant Richard Shular, was assigned to investigate the Misconduct Report and IA Complaint filed by Roorda. During the course of his investigation, Sgt. Shular interviewed Roorda, who, upon being asked if he had any other evidence that might support his allegations, “whether it be of a paper nature or any tape recordings or anything,” replied that he needed to confer with his attorney. After doing so, Roorda acknowledged having tape-recorded his May 1, 2001 conversation with Chief Fredeking and later provided the cassette audio tape, which had been in the possession of his attorney, to Sgt. Shular. Roorda subsequently admitted that, on the same day (May 1, 2001), he had also tape-recorded conversations between himself and other Department personnel, including a secretary (Carol Shaw) and Chief Fredeking's administrative assistant (Lieutenant Terry Schweitzer), without informing them that he was doing so. After interviewing all other persons involved in the incident complained of by Roorda in the Misconduct Report and IA Complaint and reviewing all of the evidence available to him relating to the incident, Sgt. Shular, in a report dated June 4, 2001, stated that there was no evidence of any kind to support the allegations made by Roorda against Chief Fredeking in either the Misconduct Report or the IA Complaint. In particular, Sgt. Shular concluded that the tape recording of the May 1, 2001 meeting demonstrated that Chief Fredeking did not slam his fist on his desk, did not yell at Roorda, and in no way attempted to intimidate Roorda. The audio tape also revealed that while Chief Fredeking did at one point use some coarse language (“bullshit” and “crap”) to describe his overall impression of Roorda's unauthorized request to receive full sick pay while on FMLA leave,6 he did not yell and curse at Roorda as alleged by Roorda in the Misconduct Report and IA Complaint. Most of this was further corroborated by Ms. Shaw, who was working at her desk located immediately outside Chief Fredeking's office before, during, and after the May 1 meeting. Due to his past disciplinary record, the seriousness of the false reports filed by Roorda, and the other Departmental General Order violations he had committed, Sgt. Shular recommended that Roorda be terminated.
The City terminated Roorda on June 20, 2001, and he then appealed to the Board. The Board found that in willfully and secretly tape-recording his May 1, 2001 conversations with Chief Fredeking, Ms. Shaw, and Lt. Schweitzer without proper prior authorization to do so, Roorda violated the Department's General Order 14.3.12 (“Unbecoming Conduct”), for which dismissal is an authorized penalty.7 The Board also found that in knowingly making false statements and allegations in both the Misconduct Report and the IA Complaint, Roorda violated General Order 14.2.4 (“Truthfulness”), an offense that is also punishable by termination of employment.8 The Board further specifically found that Roorda's testimony during its hearing was “not credible and was not worthy of belief,” while finding the exact opposite regarding the City's two primary witnesses against him, Sgt. Shular and Ms. Shaw. The Board ultimately concluded that Roorda “was disciplined and terminated based upon sufficient and credible evidence, and the entire record supports termination for just cause as set forth in the Arnold Police Department's Policy and Procedure Manual.” The Board thus sustained the City's action in terminating Roorda. Other facts will be discussed later as necessary to decide this appeal.
I.
Roorda brings four allegations of error on the part of the Board. In his first point, Roorda argues the Board's decision must be reversed because he was denied procedural due process, in that he was not provided sufficient notice of the charges brought against him. In particular, Roorda argues that the “Notice of Pre-Termination Hearing” he received on June 18, 2001 (“June 18 Notice”) did not provide him with proper pre-termination notice pursuant to General Order 32.9 (“Pre-Termination Hearing”). We disagree.
General Order 32.9 states, in pertinent part:
The Chief of Police shall provide written notice to the member, which shall state the time, date and place of the pre-termination hearing, and shall further state the charges against the member reasonably sufficient to apprise the member of the actions taken which were sufficient to constitute the imposition of termination.
The June 18 Notice provided to Roorda by Chief Fredeking clearly met each and every one of these requirements. The record shows that it stated the time, date, and place the pre-termination hearing was to be held and also informed Roorda that although the hearing would be informal, he would, pursuant to General Order 32.2.5 (“Dismissal Procedure”), “be afforded an opportunity to present facts relevant to the preliminary decision to terminate [his] employment.” Furthermore, as demonstrated by the following excerpt, the June 18 Notice also stated the charges against Roorda in a manner reasonably sufficient to apprise him of the actions he was found to have taken which were deemed sufficient to justify his termination:
As you know, Detective Sergeant Richard Shular was assigned to investigate the complaint of employee misconduct that you lodged against me on May 21, 2001. Detective Sergeant Shular has completed his investigation and it was forwarded to Mayor Mark Powell for his review. After reviewing the facts of the investigation, Mayor Powell has determined that your allegation of employee misconduct against me is unfounded. As a result of the above investigation, it has been determined that you violated the following policies and directives of the City of Arnold Police Department Policy and Procedures Manual:
* * *
General Order No. 14, Section 14.2.4, which covers Truthfulness, states that: ‘An officer of the department is guilty of violating policy if he: knowingly signs any false, misleading, or inaccurate police report, record, return, regulation, order or other documents.’ ‘Knowingly makes any other false, misleading or inaccurate official statement concerning any citizen or fellow member of the department.’
* * *
General Order No. 14, Section 14.3.12, which covers Unbecoming Conduct, states that: ‘Any conduct unbecoming to a member which is contrary to the good order and discipline of the department. For example, [this] shall include but not be limited to: ․ Electronically recording the conversation of another department member or a member of the public without that person's prior knowledge unless otherwise approved by General Order 24.9.2 or unless done in conjunction with a sanctioned investigation in which the said surreptitious recording is specifically authorized and approved in advance of the recording by the Shift Commander, the Chief of Police or Commander of Uniform Services.’
* * *
In considering the appropriate action to take in this matter, the facts of the investigation have been taken into account, as well as your total and complete work record. As a result, a preliminary decision has been made that your employment with the City of Arnold Police Department be terminated.
Roorda further claims the Department also failed to provide, after the June 20, 2001 pre-termination hearing and before his appeal to the Board, a statement, in plain and concise language, of specific facts upon which the charges were based, giving his name and rank, the time and place of the alleged offenses, and the circumstances relating thereto, as required by General Order 32.10 (“Board Hearings”). These complaints are utterly without merit as well. By letter addressed to “Sergeant Jeffrey Roorda” and dated June 20, 2001, after the pre-termination hearing was conducted Roorda was notified of his termination and the reasons for it as follows:
As a result of the investigation into the complaint of employee misconduct that you lodged against Chief Dale R. Fredeking, a review of your total work record, and the pre-termination hearing that was held on June 20, 2001, I am informing you that your employment with the City of Arnold, Missouri, is being terminated as of June 20, 2001, at 3:00 PM.
In accordance with ․ General Order No. 32, Section 32.8,9 you have ten (10) days to appeal your termination to the Police Personnel Board. If you decide to appeal the termination, you will be afforded a hearing on the charges that are listed in the notice of pre-termination hearing correspondence that you were sent on June 18, 2001.
Roorda filed his appeal to the Board by letter dated June 27, 2001. The pertinent portion of General Order 32.10 states: “At least ten days prior to [the] time set for the hearing, a copy of the Charges and Specifications, together with [a designation of] the time and place for the hearing shall be served on the accused.” 10 On August 7, 2001, the Board's Secretary notified Roorda's attorney of the time, date, and place the appeal was to be conducted. In a September 7, 2001 letter, the Board's Secretary also notified Roorda and his attorney that “[p]ursuant to General Order 32.10 ․ enclosed herewith are the Charges and Specifications relative to Mr. Roorda's appeal[.]” The enclosure was a copy of the June 18 Notice. Roorda's hearing commenced on September 18, 2001.
It is clear to this court that the post-termination notice Roorda received satisfied both the specific requirements of General Order 32.10 and general constitutional requirements of due process. Our Supreme Court has held that when a police officer is charged with a violation of departmental rules,
the basis of the charges need not be stated with such technical precision as in an indictment or information. This, in effect, distinguishes (and rightly so) the construction of disciplinary rules of this nature and charges thereunder, from the strict construction placed upon criminal statutes. It is sufficient if one is “fairly apprised” of what acts will constitute a violation of the Rules, and of what offense he has committed.
Milani v. Miller, 515 S.W.2d 412, 416 (Mo.1974) (citing Schrewe v. Sanders, 498 S.W.2d 775, 777 (Mo.1973)). Furthermore, as the very purpose of a notice of dismissal “is to inform an employee of the nature of the charges so that he can adequately prepare his defense,” Giessow v. Litz, 558 S.W.2d 742, 749 (Mo.App. E.D.1977), resultant prejudice is an indispensable condition of reversible error predicated on a claimed lack of adequate notice of the reasons for a disciplinary action. Accord In re Storie, 574 S.W.2d 369, 372 (Mo. banc 1978).
The June 20 termination letter adequately set forth the “charges” being leveled against Roorda since it expressly referred to the “notice of pre-termination hearing correspondence that you were sent on June 18, 2001,” and the June 18 Notice separately listed the distinct offenses found to have been committed by him (e.g., false reporting and making unauthorized secret tape-recordings of other Department personnel). Considered together, those two documents were also sufficient to constitute a plain and concise statement of the “specifications” against Roorda, because they made it abundantly clear that the charged offenses were directly related to the circumstances surrounding the Misconduct Report Roorda lodged against Chief Fredeking on May 21, thereby establishing May 1 as the date the offenses were alleged to have been committed and implicitly establishing the time and place. Furthermore, Roorda knew or should have known full well the date, time, and place of the charged offenses, since he was personally responsible for completing and filing the Misconduct Report at issue, personally recorded and furnished to Sgt. Shular the illicit cassette audio tape, and was also present and represented by counsel during the June 20 pre-termination hearing conducted by Chief Fredeking, during which the charges and specifications contained in the Notice were read to him and he was able to present his position as to why he felt termination would be unwarranted. “A party who has received actual notice is not prejudiced by and cannot complain of the failure to receive statutory notice.” Bosworth v. Sewell, 918 S.W.2d 773, 778 (Mo. banc 1996). In short, we think the record as a whole, including the transcript of the proceedings before the Board, clearly establishes that the charges and specifications received by Roorda were more than sufficient to fairly apprise him of the reasons for his termination and to allow him to prepare and present his defense. See Gaffigan v. Whaley, 600 S.W.2d 195, 197 (Mo.App. E.D.1980); McClellon v. Gage, 770 S.W.2d 466, 468 (Mo.App. S.D.1989).11
Moreover, as the City points out, Roorda has failed even to allege, much less demonstrate, any prejudice resulting from the claimed lack of sufficient advance pre- or post-termination notice of the reasons for his dismissal.12 This is no doubt because Roorda's “defense” (both before the Board and in this appeal) was not that he didn't engage in the misconduct outlined in the June 18 Notice and June 20 termination letter, but that Chief Fredeking “had it out for him” for unrelated reasons and that other officers had previously made unauthorized secret tape-recordings of Department employees without being disciplined or dismissed. Be that as it may, Roorda does not describe how he was prejudiced by any deficiency in the notice he received-for example, how his defense strategy would have been any different, what other evidence he could have obtained, or how a more favorable result would have ensued. This constitutes an independent reason to deny Roorda's first point relied on. Point denied.
II.
Roorda second point asserts the Board's decision must be reversed because he was denied procedural due process and his rights to a fair hearing and to be heard on and defend against the charges brought against him, in that the Board did not allow him to call or elicit certain testimony from several witnesses on his behalf or review certain documents in the City's possession and control. He claims the Board acted arbitrarily and capriciously and thereby violated his due process rights by preventing him from presenting evidence to show that the real reason he was terminated was not for making false statements in the Misconduct Report and IA Complaint and secretly recording conversations between himself and other Department personnel, but because Chief Fredeking had it out for him and Roorda had subsequently lodged a more serious set of written complaints against Chief Fredeking while the investigations into the Misconduct Report and IA Complaint filed by Roorda on May 21 and 22, 2001, respectively, were still being conducted. We disagree, as we find that the Board properly refused to admit all such evidence, as well as other supposedly exculpatory evidence Roorda sought to introduce.
To address this point, we must summarize and place in context the evidence Roorda claims was improperly excluded by the Board. On the evening of May 22, 2001 (the day Roorda filed the IA Complaint against Chief Fredeking regarding their May 1 meeting), Roorda received a telephone call from Darla Fredeking, who was then Chief Fredeking's wife. The purpose of her call was to let Roorda know that she felt his job was in jeopardy because her husband had a “personal vendetta” against him. As a result of this call, the following day (May 23, 2001), Roorda prepared and submitted a memorandum to Mayor Powell. This memorandum purported to recite various statements and allegations made by Mrs. Fredeking during her telephone call to Roorda, including: (1) that her husband was “extremely agitated” with Roorda over the Misconduct Report and IA Complaint Roorda had filed against him on May 21 and May 22, respectively; (2) that her husband was also very upset with Roorda over Roorda's participation in the drafting and forwarding of a certain letter to the Fraternal Order of Police (“FOP Letter”); and (3) that the City Manager and ranking officers of the Department and neighboring jurisdictions had participated in a cover-up of a domestic disturbance involving her and her husband at their home. Roorda's May 23 memorandum to Mayor Powell further alleged that Chief Fredeking was guilty of numerous violations of the Department's General Orders.13
On May 24, 2001, two days after Sgt. Shular began conducting his investigation of the Misconduct Report and IA Complaint, a separate internal investigation was initiated concerning the FOP Letter. The investigation into this letter (which had been circulating in the Department and elsewhere, was highly critical of Chief Fredeking and his administration of the Department, and requested legal assistance from the FOP) was conducted by Lt. Schweitzer. Although he was not singled out as the subject or target of this investigation, Roorda was interviewed by Lt. Schweitzer, as were forty or so other police officers in the Department. After concluding his investigation, which took somewhere between two and three weeks to complete, Lt. Schweitzer issued an undated report to Chief Fredeking in which he summarized his findings and recommended that discipline be imposed against fourteen City police officers, including Roorda. Due to his apparent leadership role in authorizing, co-authoring, and distributing the FOP Letter, in this report Lt. Schweitzer recommended that Roorda be dismissed.14
The Board's hearing officer ruled that all of the evidence about which Roorda complains in his brief was inadmissible in that it was irrelevant and had no probative value as to any of the material issues to be decided by the Board. These rulings were entirely correct. Section 536.070(8) provides that in any contested case, “rrelevant and unduly repetitious evidence shall be excluded.” “Evidence is relevant when it tends to prove or disprove a fact in issue or corroborates other relevant evidence which bears on the principal issue.” Kendrick v. Bd. of Police Comm'rs of Kansas City, 945 S.W.2d 649, 654 (Mo.App. W.D.1997) (internal quotation marks omitted). Under this standard, the evidence we have just summarized was clearly irrelevant and was properly excluded, as it tends neither to prove nor disprove any fact in issue and does not corroborate any other relevant evidence bearing on the principal issues before the Board, which were whether Roorda was properly subject to termination for (1) violating General Order 14.3.12 (“Unbecoming Conduct”) by willfully and secretly tape-recording conversations he had no authority to record; and (2) violating General Order 14.2.4 (“Truthfulness”) by knowingly making false statements in two police reports (the Misconduct Report and the IA Complaint).
In particular, the Board's hearing officer correctly ruled that the evidence offered by Roorda as to Chief Fredeking's subjective motives in ordering Roorda's termination, including his alleged personal animosity towards Roorda, was not relevant and had no bearing on any of the issues before the Board for its determination. In Heinen v. Police Personnel Board of Jefferson City, 976 S.W.2d 534 (Mo.App. W.D.1998), the hearing officer refused to allow the police officer who had been discharged (Heinen) to elicit, on cross-examination, certain testimony from the police chief who fired him (Brewer) in order “to prove that Brewer had a continuing problem with inability to control his temper in his relationships with subordinates, and that the real reason he had terminated Heinen was out of personal animosity.” Id. at 542. This court proceeded to reject Heinen's procedural due process claim as follows:
Brewer's subjective motive in ordering Heinen's termination was irrelevant to the issue before the Board. The sole issue was whether or not Heinen had failed to conduct himself in a manner consistent with good behavior and efficient service. Chief Brewer's motives were irrelevant to the question before the Board.
Id. So it is here. It simply does not matter that Chief Fredeking may have been intensely displeased with Roorda for other reasons, or that Roorda may also have committed other acts of misconduct sufficient to independently justify his termination, as none of that evidence would have refuted the charges against him in any way and all of it was irrelevant. It was enough that the Board properly found, on the basis of competent and substantial evidence presented to it, that Roorda did what he was alleged to have done by the City in the June 18 Notice and June 20 termination letter, and that dismissal was an authorized punishment for those offenses.15
Roorda also unsuccessfully sought to elicit testimony from several witnesses that no City police officer except Roorda had ever been dismissed or disciplined for surreptitiously tape-recording conversations in violation of General Order 14.3.12, even though similar past violations had been committed by a different officer or officers and were known to have been committed by the Department's Division of Internal Affairs and the Department's command staff.16 Although not specifically denominated as such by Roorda during the hearing, the City correctly points out that he was attempting to lay the foundation for a claim of “selective enforcement.” However, even if Roorda's proffered evidence of selective enforcement were to have been admitted, found credible, and deemed outcome-determinative by the Board (a very unlikely scenario, in our view), it is extremely doubtful whether selective enforcement is a viable defense in civil cases like this one. As the Missouri Supreme Court observed in State ex inf. Attorney General v. Shull, 887 S.W.2d 397 (Mo. banc 1994):
Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 6 S.Ct. 1064, 30 L.Ed. 220 (1886), recognizes the selective enforcement defense rooted in the equal protection clause in criminal cases. This, however, is a civil case. Neither [the appellant] nor our independent research identifies a single appellate decision in which a court has accepted the defense of selective enforcement in a civil action.
Id. at 401 (internal citations omitted).17 Furthermore, in the criminal context, the U.S. Supreme Court has held that “the conscious exercise of some selectivity in enforcement is not in itself a federal constitutional violation.” Oyler v. Boles, 368 U.S. 448, 456, 82 S.Ct. 501, 506, 7 L.Ed.2d 446 (1962). A criminal defendant's proof of a policy of selective enforcement must show “that the selection was deliberately based upon an unjustifiable standard such as race, religion, or other arbitrary classification.” Id.; see also State v. Watts, 601 S.W.2d 617, 621 (Mo.1980). Inasmuch as Roorda's claim is based on events which were alleged to have occurred before Chief Fredeking became the City's Chief of Police, at best he has alleged “no more than a failure to prosecute others because of a lack of knowledge of their prior offenses. This does not deny equal protection due petitioners under the Fourteenth Amendment.” Oyler, 368 U.S. at 456, 82 S.Ct. at 506. For all these reasons, the Board also properly excluded the evidence of selective prosecution offered by Roorda. Point denied.
III.
In his third point, Roorda argues that the Board's decision must be reversed because he was denied procedural due process and his right to a fair hearing, in that he was not given an opportunity to make certain offers of proof during the hearing, as required by § 536.070(7), which states that, in any contested case:
Evidence to which an objection is sustained shall, at the request of the party seeking to introduce the same, or at the instance of the agency, nevertheless be heard and preserved in the record, together with any cross-examination with respect thereto and any rebuttal thereof, unless it is wholly irrelevant, repetitious, privileged, or unduly long.
We disagree.
The City argues that the Board did not err in refusing to accept Roorda's offers of proof because under the express terms of § 536.070(7), they are not required to be received as to evidence which is “wholly irrelevant, repetitious, privileged, or unduly long.” The evidence about which Roorda complains, claims the City, falls within one or more of those exclusions since (1) it was wholly irrelevant; (2) it would require the Board to examine the private, closed personnel records of Department employees other than Roorda; and (3) it would have taken an unduly long amount of time to receive the evidence concerning other allegedly similar incidents of prohibited but unpunished secretly-recorded conversations, and to establish the proper foundation as to whether they were sufficiently similar to be even remotely material and probative.
Roorda's brief makes it clear that the evidence about which he complains in this point is the same as that referred to in his second point. As illustrated by our discussion of that point, the nature and extent of this excluded evidence was sufficiently explained and preserved for appellate review during the hearing, either in the testimony that was presented or in the numerous narrative and documentary offers of proof and other statements Roorda's attorney was permitted to make during the hearing before the Board. We have already held that this evidence was properly excluded by the Board as “irrelevant” under § 536.070(8). Since it was “wholly irrelevant” under § 536.070(7) as well, the Board did not abuse its discretion or otherwise err in refusing Roorda's requests to make further offers of proof. Point denied.
IV.
In his fourth and final point, Roorda argues that the circuit court abused its discretion in denying his “Motion to Include Evidence Improperly Excluded” by the Board during the hearing because procedural irregularities and acts of unfairness by an administrative agency require that additional evidence be presented before the court reviewing the agency decision, in that the Board's actions denied him the opportunity to present evidence and make offers of proof in violation of due process standards and these procedural irregularities warranted the submission of additional evidence before the court. We disagree.
Once again, Roorda's brief makes it clear that the evidence about which Roorda complains in this point is the same as that referred to in his second and third points. As we have already held that this evidence was properly excluded by the Board under §§ 536.070(8) and 536.070(7), the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in denying Roorda's motion to supplement the record with that evidence.18 Point denied.
Conclusion
For all of the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court sustaining the decision of the Board upholding Roorda's dismissal is affirmed.
FOOTNOTES
1. All statutory references are to RSMo 2000.
2. As a full-time commissioned police officer employed by a third-class city which has adopted a merit system police department, Roorda was not an at-will employee, but was entitled to a public hearing before the Board upon being suspended, demoted, or discharged for misbehavior or inefficiency. See § 85.541.
3. For jurisdictional purposes, we note that although this case arose out of Jefferson County, which is within the territorial jurisdiction of the Eastern District of this court, § 477.050, Roorda was authorized to file his petition for judicial review of the Board's decision in, among other possible venues, the Circuit Court of Cole County. § 536.110.3. Cole County is, of course, within territorial jurisdiction of the Western District, which gives this court jurisdiction of the appeal. § 477.070.
4. General Order 74.4 states: “False reporting shall not be tolerated and shall be subject to disciplinary action.”
5. At the time of the hearing before the Board, Dale Fredeking was no longer a City employee. Neither the City nor Roorda called him as a witness, although, as noted by the Board's hearing officer, he could have been subpoenaed by either party.
6. The record reflects that from May 22 through June 20, 2001 (the day he was fired), Roorda nevertheless took sick leave.
7. General Order 14.3.12 states that unbecoming conduct is “[a]ny conduct unbecoming to a member which is contrary to the good order and discipline of the department. For example, [this] shall include but not be limited to: ․ Electronically recording the conversation of another Department member or a member of the public without that person's prior knowledge unless otherwise approved by General Order 24.9.2 or unless done in conjunction with a sanctioned investigation in which the said surreptitious recording is specifically authorized and approved in advance of the recording by the Shift Commander, the Chief of Police or Commander of Uniform Services.”
8. General Order 14.2.4 states that an “Officer of the Department is guilty of violating policy if he: knowingly signs any false, misleading, or inaccurate police report, record, return, regulation, order or other document” or “[k]nowingly makes any other false, misleading or inaccurate official statement concerning any citizen or fellow member of the Department.”
9. The referenced portion of General Order 32.8 states: “When a recommendation is made for reduction in rank or termination or disciplinary suspension, the Chief of Police shall notify the member of specifications and charges. The member will be notified that he has ten (10) days to make a decision as to whether to accept the recommended discipline or request a hearing before the Police Personnel Board.”
10. General Order 32.10 further defines a “charge” as “a specific offense alleged to have been committed by the accused,” and a “specification” as a “statement of specific facts upon which a charge is based. Such statement shall be in plain and concise language, giving the name and rank of the accused, the time and place of the alleged offense and the circumstances relating hereto.”
11. Roorda's heavy reliance on Jones v. City of Jennings, 23 S.W.3d 801 (Mo.App. E.D.2000) is misplaced. In Jones, the “notice” provided to the appellant was not addressed to him, did not specify the reasons he was fired, and merely laid out the reasons the City Council was considering his termination. Id. at 804-05. None of those circumstances are present here.
12. Indeed, on the first day of the hearing before the Board and before any witnesses were called, counsel for the City stated that “if [Roorda] does not believe that he was given adequate notice, ․ we would consent to a continuance if he desires one, but if he doesn't desire one, we're ready to proceed today.” Roorda's attorney declined to request a continuance, agreeing with the Board's hearing officer that his client “wants to go forward and has no interest in any continuance.”
13. The Board permitted limited testimony from Roorda and Mrs. Fredeking concerning the specific contents of the May 22 telephone call and the May 23 memorandum. When Roorda sought the admission of the memorandum itself into evidence, the Board refused his request.
14. The Board refused Roorda's requests to be given a copy of Lt. Schweitzer's report, the existence of which was not known to Roorda prior to the hearing, and to question him further about its contents. The Board also refused Roorda's request that the report, which was in Lt. Schweitzer's possession during the hearing, be marked and admitted into the record, as either an exhibit or for the purposes of an offer of proof.
15. In arguing to the contrary, Roorda once again relies on Jones v. City of Jennings, 23 S.W.3d 801 (Mo.App. E.D.2000). Once again, however, that reliance is misplaced. In Jones, the Eastern District distinguished Heinen on the grounds that the evidence sought to be introduced by the appellant (Jones), which concerned his alleged suspected involvement in a leak of information harmful to the police department to a local news station, was “more relevant” than that in Heinen because it bore “on the motive of the individual bringing the charges” against Jones and tended “to explain the paucity of other evidence supporting Jones's termination.” Id. at 805. As such, the Eastern District held, Jones could have used evidence concerning the leak “to question the authenticity of the charges against him,” and the City denied him procedural due process by not admitting it. Id. at 806. In the case at bar, however, there is no “paucity of other evidence” supporting Roorda's termination and, therefore, no reason to believe that the charges against him were not “authentic.”
16. The record shows that the prior tape-recording incidents about which the witnesses would have testified did not involve Roorda and occurred in or before June 1997, which was before Dale Fredeking became the City's Chief of Police.
17. The Court in Shull went on to say that although it was not deciding the scope of the defense or its applicability in criminal or civil cases in this state,we nevertheless hold that selective enforcement is not a defense in a quo warranto action seeking to enforce sanctions for violations of constitutional prohibitions by public officials․ Under the constitution, the relevant inquiry is limited to whether, by virtue of her office, a public official participated in appointing a relative within the prohibited degree of relationship to public office. If that inquiry is answered in the affirmative, the motivations for the Attorney General's actions are inconsequential.Id. While we decline to decide whether the defense is viable in a civil action where the decision of an administrative body upholding the termination of a public employee is challenged, we note that to accept Roorda's argument would be to hold that regardless of the circumstances, unless the City's Chief of Police disciplines all officers who violate General Order 14.3.12, he may not discipline any. See Mechanic v. Gruensfelder, 461 S.W.2d 298, 316 (Mo.App. E.D.1970).
18. Although the circuit court was sitting as a court of review vis-à-vis the Board's decision, Roorda's motion did not request relief in the form of a remand to the Board with directions that it reconsider his case in the light of the evidence he claimed was improperly excluded by the Board. See § 536.140.4. Instead, the motion requested that (1) the circuit court receive and examine the evidence in camera to determine whether it was improperly excluded from the record of Roorda's hearing; and (2) if so, that it be admitted into the record for the circuit court's further review and consideration. We need not and do not decide whether Roorda's motion was authorized under §§ 536.140.3 and/or 536.140.4, as claimed by Roorda and vigorously denied by the City.
JOSEPH M. ELLIS, Chief Judge.
All concur
"...in July 1997, Roorda attempted to try to “cover” for another police officer by filing a report..." <1/2>
"that contained false statements as to what happened during a suspect's apprehension and arrest." <2/2>
5:09pm - 1 Dec 14
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This is the man calling witnesses "discredited". caselaw.findlaw.com/mo-court-of-ap…
5:07pm - 1 Dec 14
ROORDA v. THE CITY OF ARNOLD
Missouri Court of Appeals,Western District.
Jeffrey ROORDA, Appellant, v. THE CITY OF ARNOLD, Missouri, et al., Respondents.
No. WD 62570.
Decided: June 22, 2004
Before JOSEPH M. ELLIS, Chief Judge, PATRICIA BRECKENRIDGE, Judge and VICTOR C. HOWARD, Judge. Richard A. Barry, III, St. Louis, MO, for appellant. Stephen T. Hamby, Michael D. Hart, Co-Counsel, St. Louis, MO, for respondent.
For eleven years, appellant, Jeffrey Roorda, was a full-time commissioned police officer employed by respondent, City of Arnold (“City”), a city of the third classification located in Jefferson County, Missouri which has adopted a merit system of employment for its police officers pursuant to § 85.541.1 After an informal pre-termination hearing was held on the morning of June 20, 2001, Roorda was terminated by the City effective later that afternoon. Roorda timely appealed his dismissal to the Arnold Police Personnel Board (“Board”), which upheld his termination on December 12, 2001, after conducting a contested, on-the-record hearing in September and October 2001.2 Roorda timely filed a Petition for Judicial Review of the Board's decision in the Circuit Court of Cole County.3 On August 27, 2002, the circuit court denied Roorda's motion to supplement the record with certain evidence excluded by the Board and on February 4, 2003, the court entered a judgment sustaining the decision of the Board upholding Roorda's dismissal. Thereafter, Roorda timely filed this appeal. We affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
Standard of Review and Facts
The general standards governing our review of this contested case were set forth in Orion Security, Inc. v. Board of Police Commissioners of Kansas City, 90 S.W.3d 157 (Mo.App. W.D.2002):
This court reviews the decision of the Board, not that of the circuit court. On appeal from an agency decision in a contested case, we consider only whether the agency's findings are supported by competent and substantial evidence on the record as a whole. We may not substitute our judgment on the evidence for that of the agency, and we must defer to the agency's determinations on the weight of the evidence and the credibility of witnesses. If the decision of the agency is supported by substantial and competent evidence on the whole record, it must be affirmed. On the other hand, we must reverse the agency's findings if it is determined the decision is not supported by competent and substantial evidence on the whole record, or if the decision constitutes an abuse of discretion, or is unauthorized by law, or is arbitrary and capricious. The evidence and all reasonable inferences from the evidence is considered in the light most favorable to the administrative agency's findings. The fact-finding function rests with the agency, and even if the evidence would support either of two findings, the court is bound by the agency's factual determination. While this Court cannot substitute its own judgment on factual matters, it can independently determine questions of law.
Id. at 163 (internal citations, quotation marks, and brackets omitted); see also § 536.140.2.
So viewed, the record reveals that in July 1997, Roorda attempted to try to “cover” for another police officer by filing a report that contained false statements as to what happened during a suspect's apprehension and arrest. As a result of this false report, all charges against the defendant involved were dropped, and Roorda received a written reprimand from B.J. Nelson (the City's Chief of Police at the time) for violating the City Police Department's General Order 74.4 (“False Reporting”).4 The written reprimand issued to Roorda stated, in relevant part: “If it is ever determined again that you have lied in a police report, you will receive a more severe punishment, up to and including termination.”
On March 15, 2001, Roorda wrote a memorandum to Dale Fredeking (“Chief Fredeking”), who was then the City's Chief of Police,5 informing Chief Fredeking of Roorda's intention to utilize twelve weeks of leave under the Family Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”) to attend to the upcoming birth of his child and asking permission to take such leave from May 22 through August 14, 2001. Roorda further asked to have this time classified as paid sick leave. On March 19, 2001, Chief Fredeking responded to Roorda by memorandum, informing him that, while he could take FMLA leave for the birth of his child, the leave would be unpaid and the City could require him to use all of his paid vacation time before receiving unpaid FMLA leave. Chief Fredeking further advised Roorda that the pertinent Departmental General Order did not allow the use of paid sick leave to attend to the birth of a child.
On May 1, 2001, Roorda met with Chief Fredeking in Fredeking's office to discuss his refusal to grant Roorda's request to receive full sick pay while on FMLA leave. Roorda closed the door to Chief Fredeking's office a couple of minutes after the meeting commenced. On May 21, 2001, Roorda filed an Allegation of Employee Misconduct Report (“Misconduct Report”), in which he stated that Chief Fredeking had verbally abused and attempted to intimidate him during the May 1, 2001 meeting, which began in the Chief's office around 11:15 a.m. that morning. In particular, Roorda alleged that “Chief Fredeking yelled and cursed at me and slammed his fist on his desk in what appeared to be an attempt to intimidate me away from my legitimate request to use sick time. The Chief's door was open at the time and the administrative staff was on hand.” The next day, Roorda filed an Internal Affairs Statement of Complaint (“IA Complaint”) setting forth exactly the same complaints and allegations contained in the Misconduct Report he had filed the day before. Within the body of the IA Complaint, Roorda affirmed that the facts and information contained therein were true as follows: “I, Sgt. Jeff Roorda, do hereby affirm that the foregoing statement was given freely and without duress, and that all facts and information contained therein are true to the best of my knowledge.”
On May 22, 2001, the Commander of the Department's Division of Internal Affairs, Detective Sergeant Richard Shular, was assigned to investigate the Misconduct Report and IA Complaint filed by Roorda. During the course of his investigation, Sgt. Shular interviewed Roorda, who, upon being asked if he had any other evidence that might support his allegations, “whether it be of a paper nature or any tape recordings or anything,” replied that he needed to confer with his attorney. After doing so, Roorda acknowledged having tape-recorded his May 1, 2001 conversation with Chief Fredeking and later provided the cassette audio tape, which had been in the possession of his attorney, to Sgt. Shular. Roorda subsequently admitted that, on the same day (May 1, 2001), he had also tape-recorded conversations between himself and other Department personnel, including a secretary (Carol Shaw) and Chief Fredeking's administrative assistant (Lieutenant Terry Schweitzer), without informing them that he was doing so. After interviewing all other persons involved in the incident complained of by Roorda in the Misconduct Report and IA Complaint and reviewing all of the evidence available to him relating to the incident, Sgt. Shular, in a report dated June 4, 2001, stated that there was no evidence of any kind to support the allegations made by Roorda against Chief Fredeking in either the Misconduct Report or the IA Complaint. In particular, Sgt. Shular concluded that the tape recording of the May 1, 2001 meeting demonstrated that Chief Fredeking did not slam his fist on his desk, did not yell at Roorda, and in no way attempted to intimidate Roorda. The audio tape also revealed that while Chief Fredeking did at one point use some coarse language (“bullshit” and “crap”) to describe his overall impression of Roorda's unauthorized request to receive full sick pay while on FMLA leave,6 he did not yell and curse at Roorda as alleged by Roorda in the Misconduct Report and IA Complaint. Most of this was further corroborated by Ms. Shaw, who was working at her desk located immediately outside Chief Fredeking's office before, during, and after the May 1 meeting. Due to his past disciplinary record, the seriousness of the false reports filed by Roorda, and the other Departmental General Order violations he had committed, Sgt. Shular recommended that Roorda be terminated.
The City terminated Roorda on June 20, 2001, and he then appealed to the Board. The Board found that in willfully and secretly tape-recording his May 1, 2001 conversations with Chief Fredeking, Ms. Shaw, and Lt. Schweitzer without proper prior authorization to do so, Roorda violated the Department's General Order 14.3.12 (“Unbecoming Conduct”), for which dismissal is an authorized penalty.7 The Board also found that in knowingly making false statements and allegations in both the Misconduct Report and the IA Complaint, Roorda violated General Order 14.2.4 (“Truthfulness”), an offense that is also punishable by termination of employment.8 The Board further specifically found that Roorda's testimony during its hearing was “not credible and was not worthy of belief,” while finding the exact opposite regarding the City's two primary witnesses against him, Sgt. Shular and Ms. Shaw. The Board ultimately concluded that Roorda “was disciplined and terminated based upon sufficient and credible evidence, and the entire record supports termination for just cause as set forth in the Arnold Police Department's Policy and Procedure Manual.” The Board thus sustained the City's action in terminating Roorda. Other facts will be discussed later as necessary to decide this appeal.
I.
Roorda brings four allegations of error on the part of the Board. In his first point, Roorda argues the Board's decision must be reversed because he was denied procedural due process, in that he was not provided sufficient notice of the charges brought against him. In particular, Roorda argues that the “Notice of Pre-Termination Hearing” he received on June 18, 2001 (“June 18 Notice”) did not provide him with proper pre-termination notice pursuant to General Order 32.9 (“Pre-Termination Hearing”). We disagree.
General Order 32.9 states, in pertinent part:
The Chief of Police shall provide written notice to the member, which shall state the time, date and place of the pre-termination hearing, and shall further state the charges against the member reasonably sufficient to apprise the member of the actions taken which were sufficient to constitute the imposition of termination.
The June 18 Notice provided to Roorda by Chief Fredeking clearly met each and every one of these requirements. The record shows that it stated the time, date, and place the pre-termination hearing was to be held and also informed Roorda that although the hearing would be informal, he would, pursuant to General Order 32.2.5 (“Dismissal Procedure”), “be afforded an opportunity to present facts relevant to the preliminary decision to terminate [his] employment.” Furthermore, as demonstrated by the following excerpt, the June 18 Notice also stated the charges against Roorda in a manner reasonably sufficient to apprise him of the actions he was found to have taken which were deemed sufficient to justify his termination:
As you know, Detective Sergeant Richard Shular was assigned to investigate the complaint of employee misconduct that you lodged against me on May 21, 2001. Detective Sergeant Shular has completed his investigation and it was forwarded to Mayor Mark Powell for his review. After reviewing the facts of the investigation, Mayor Powell has determined that your allegation of employee misconduct against me is unfounded. As a result of the above investigation, it has been determined that you violated the following policies and directives of the City of Arnold Police Department Policy and Procedures Manual:
* * *
General Order No. 14, Section 14.2.4, which covers Truthfulness, states that: ‘An officer of the department is guilty of violating policy if he: knowingly signs any false, misleading, or inaccurate police report, record, return, regulation, order or other documents.’ ‘Knowingly makes any other false, misleading or inaccurate official statement concerning any citizen or fellow member of the department.’
* * *
General Order No. 14, Section 14.3.12, which covers Unbecoming Conduct, states that: ‘Any conduct unbecoming to a member which is contrary to the good order and discipline of the department. For example, [this] shall include but not be limited to: ․ Electronically recording the conversation of another department member or a member of the public without that person's prior knowledge unless otherwise approved by General Order 24.9.2 or unless done in conjunction with a sanctioned investigation in which the said surreptitious recording is specifically authorized and approved in advance of the recording by the Shift Commander, the Chief of Police or Commander of Uniform Services.’
* * *
In considering the appropriate action to take in this matter, the facts of the investigation have been taken into account, as well as your total and complete work record. As a result, a preliminary decision has been made that your employment with the City of Arnold Police Department be terminated.
Roorda further claims the Department also failed to provide, after the June 20, 2001 pre-termination hearing and before his appeal to the Board, a statement, in plain and concise language, of specific facts upon which the charges were based, giving his name and rank, the time and place of the alleged offenses, and the circumstances relating thereto, as required by General Order 32.10 (“Board Hearings”). These complaints are utterly without merit as well. By letter addressed to “Sergeant Jeffrey Roorda” and dated June 20, 2001, after the pre-termination hearing was conducted Roorda was notified of his termination and the reasons for it as follows:
As a result of the investigation into the complaint of employee misconduct that you lodged against Chief Dale R. Fredeking, a review of your total work record, and the pre-termination hearing that was held on June 20, 2001, I am informing you that your employment with the City of Arnold, Missouri, is being terminated as of June 20, 2001, at 3:00 PM.
In accordance with ․ General Order No. 32, Section 32.8,9 you have ten (10) days to appeal your termination to the Police Personnel Board. If you decide to appeal the termination, you will be afforded a hearing on the charges that are listed in the notice of pre-termination hearing correspondence that you were sent on June 18, 2001.
Roorda filed his appeal to the Board by letter dated June 27, 2001. The pertinent portion of General Order 32.10 states: “At least ten days prior to [the] time set for the hearing, a copy of the Charges and Specifications, together with [a designation of] the time and place for the hearing shall be served on the accused.” 10 On August 7, 2001, the Board's Secretary notified Roorda's attorney of the time, date, and place the appeal was to be conducted. In a September 7, 2001 letter, the Board's Secretary also notified Roorda and his attorney that “[p]ursuant to General Order 32.10 ․ enclosed herewith are the Charges and Specifications relative to Mr. Roorda's appeal[.]” The enclosure was a copy of the June 18 Notice. Roorda's hearing commenced on September 18, 2001.
It is clear to this court that the post-termination notice Roorda received satisfied both the specific requirements of General Order 32.10 and general constitutional requirements of due process. Our Supreme Court has held that when a police officer is charged with a violation of departmental rules,
the basis of the charges need not be stated with such technical precision as in an indictment or information. This, in effect, distinguishes (and rightly so) the construction of disciplinary rules of this nature and charges thereunder, from the strict construction placed upon criminal statutes. It is sufficient if one is “fairly apprised” of what acts will constitute a violation of the Rules, and of what offense he has committed.
Milani v. Miller, 515 S.W.2d 412, 416 (Mo.1974) (citing Schrewe v. Sanders, 498 S.W.2d 775, 777 (Mo.1973)). Furthermore, as the very purpose of a notice of dismissal “is to inform an employee of the nature of the charges so that he can adequately prepare his defense,” Giessow v. Litz, 558 S.W.2d 742, 749 (Mo.App. E.D.1977), resultant prejudice is an indispensable condition of reversible error predicated on a claimed lack of adequate notice of the reasons for a disciplinary action. Accord In re Storie, 574 S.W.2d 369, 372 (Mo. banc 1978).
The June 20 termination letter adequately set forth the “charges” being leveled against Roorda since it expressly referred to the “notice of pre-termination hearing correspondence that you were sent on June 18, 2001,” and the June 18 Notice separately listed the distinct offenses found to have been committed by him (e.g., false reporting and making unauthorized secret tape-recordings of other Department personnel). Considered together, those two documents were also sufficient to constitute a plain and concise statement of the “specifications” against Roorda, because they made it abundantly clear that the charged offenses were directly related to the circumstances surrounding the Misconduct Report Roorda lodged against Chief Fredeking on May 21, thereby establishing May 1 as the date the offenses were alleged to have been committed and implicitly establishing the time and place. Furthermore, Roorda knew or should have known full well the date, time, and place of the charged offenses, since he was personally responsible for completing and filing the Misconduct Report at issue, personally recorded and furnished to Sgt. Shular the illicit cassette audio tape, and was also present and represented by counsel during the June 20 pre-termination hearing conducted by Chief Fredeking, during which the charges and specifications contained in the Notice were read to him and he was able to present his position as to why he felt termination would be unwarranted. “A party who has received actual notice is not prejudiced by and cannot complain of the failure to receive statutory notice.” Bosworth v. Sewell, 918 S.W.2d 773, 778 (Mo. banc 1996). In short, we think the record as a whole, including the transcript of the proceedings before the Board, clearly establishes that the charges and specifications received by Roorda were more than sufficient to fairly apprise him of the reasons for his termination and to allow him to prepare and present his defense. See Gaffigan v. Whaley, 600 S.W.2d 195, 197 (Mo.App. E.D.1980); McClellon v. Gage, 770 S.W.2d 466, 468 (Mo.App. S.D.1989).11
Moreover, as the City points out, Roorda has failed even to allege, much less demonstrate, any prejudice resulting from the claimed lack of sufficient advance pre- or post-termination notice of the reasons for his dismissal.12 This is no doubt because Roorda's “defense” (both before the Board and in this appeal) was not that he didn't engage in the misconduct outlined in the June 18 Notice and June 20 termination letter, but that Chief Fredeking “had it out for him” for unrelated reasons and that other officers had previously made unauthorized secret tape-recordings of Department employees without being disciplined or dismissed. Be that as it may, Roorda does not describe how he was prejudiced by any deficiency in the notice he received-for example, how his defense strategy would have been any different, what other evidence he could have obtained, or how a more favorable result would have ensued. This constitutes an independent reason to deny Roorda's first point relied on. Point denied.
II.
Roorda second point asserts the Board's decision must be reversed because he was denied procedural due process and his rights to a fair hearing and to be heard on and defend against the charges brought against him, in that the Board did not allow him to call or elicit certain testimony from several witnesses on his behalf or review certain documents in the City's possession and control. He claims the Board acted arbitrarily and capriciously and thereby violated his due process rights by preventing him from presenting evidence to show that the real reason he was terminated was not for making false statements in the Misconduct Report and IA Complaint and secretly recording conversations between himself and other Department personnel, but because Chief Fredeking had it out for him and Roorda had subsequently lodged a more serious set of written complaints against Chief Fredeking while the investigations into the Misconduct Report and IA Complaint filed by Roorda on May 21 and 22, 2001, respectively, were still being conducted. We disagree, as we find that the Board properly refused to admit all such evidence, as well as other supposedly exculpatory evidence Roorda sought to introduce.
To address this point, we must summarize and place in context the evidence Roorda claims was improperly excluded by the Board. On the evening of May 22, 2001 (the day Roorda filed the IA Complaint against Chief Fredeking regarding their May 1 meeting), Roorda received a telephone call from Darla Fredeking, who was then Chief Fredeking's wife. The purpose of her call was to let Roorda know that she felt his job was in jeopardy because her husband had a “personal vendetta” against him. As a result of this call, the following day (May 23, 2001), Roorda prepared and submitted a memorandum to Mayor Powell. This memorandum purported to recite various statements and allegations made by Mrs. Fredeking during her telephone call to Roorda, including: (1) that her husband was “extremely agitated” with Roorda over the Misconduct Report and IA Complaint Roorda had filed against him on May 21 and May 22, respectively; (2) that her husband was also very upset with Roorda over Roorda's participation in the drafting and forwarding of a certain letter to the Fraternal Order of Police (“FOP Letter”); and (3) that the City Manager and ranking officers of the Department and neighboring jurisdictions had participated in a cover-up of a domestic disturbance involving her and her husband at their home. Roorda's May 23 memorandum to Mayor Powell further alleged that Chief Fredeking was guilty of numerous violations of the Department's General Orders.13
On May 24, 2001, two days after Sgt. Shular began conducting his investigation of the Misconduct Report and IA Complaint, a separate internal investigation was initiated concerning the FOP Letter. The investigation into this letter (which had been circulating in the Department and elsewhere, was highly critical of Chief Fredeking and his administration of the Department, and requested legal assistance from the FOP) was conducted by Lt. Schweitzer. Although he was not singled out as the subject or target of this investigation, Roorda was interviewed by Lt. Schweitzer, as were forty or so other police officers in the Department. After concluding his investigation, which took somewhere between two and three weeks to complete, Lt. Schweitzer issued an undated report to Chief Fredeking in which he summarized his findings and recommended that discipline be imposed against fourteen City police officers, including Roorda. Due to his apparent leadership role in authorizing, co-authoring, and distributing the FOP Letter, in this report Lt. Schweitzer recommended that Roorda be dismissed.14
The Board's hearing officer ruled that all of the evidence about which Roorda complains in his brief was inadmissible in that it was irrelevant and had no probative value as to any of the material issues to be decided by the Board. These rulings were entirely correct. Section 536.070(8) provides that in any contested case, “rrelevant and unduly repetitious evidence shall be excluded.” “Evidence is relevant when it tends to prove or disprove a fact in issue or corroborates other relevant evidence which bears on the principal issue.” Kendrick v. Bd. of Police Comm'rs of Kansas City, 945 S.W.2d 649, 654 (Mo.App. W.D.1997) (internal quotation marks omitted). Under this standard, the evidence we have just summarized was clearly irrelevant and was properly excluded, as it tends neither to prove nor disprove any fact in issue and does not corroborate any other relevant evidence bearing on the principal issues before the Board, which were whether Roorda was properly subject to termination for (1) violating General Order 14.3.12 (“Unbecoming Conduct”) by willfully and secretly tape-recording conversations he had no authority to record; and (2) violating General Order 14.2.4 (“Truthfulness”) by knowingly making false statements in two police reports (the Misconduct Report and the IA Complaint).
In particular, the Board's hearing officer correctly ruled that the evidence offered by Roorda as to Chief Fredeking's subjective motives in ordering Roorda's termination, including his alleged personal animosity towards Roorda, was not relevant and had no bearing on any of the issues before the Board for its determination. In Heinen v. Police Personnel Board of Jefferson City, 976 S.W.2d 534 (Mo.App. W.D.1998), the hearing officer refused to allow the police officer who had been discharged (Heinen) to elicit, on cross-examination, certain testimony from the police chief who fired him (Brewer) in order “to prove that Brewer had a continuing problem with inability to control his temper in his relationships with subordinates, and that the real reason he had terminated Heinen was out of personal animosity.” Id. at 542. This court proceeded to reject Heinen's procedural due process claim as follows:
Brewer's subjective motive in ordering Heinen's termination was irrelevant to the issue before the Board. The sole issue was whether or not Heinen had failed to conduct himself in a manner consistent with good behavior and efficient service. Chief Brewer's motives were irrelevant to the question before the Board.
Id. So it is here. It simply does not matter that Chief Fredeking may have been intensely displeased with Roorda for other reasons, or that Roorda may also have committed other acts of misconduct sufficient to independently justify his termination, as none of that evidence would have refuted the charges against him in any way and all of it was irrelevant. It was enough that the Board properly found, on the basis of competent and substantial evidence presented to it, that Roorda did what he was alleged to have done by the City in the June 18 Notice and June 20 termination letter, and that dismissal was an authorized punishment for those offenses.15
Roorda also unsuccessfully sought to elicit testimony from several witnesses that no City police officer except Roorda had ever been dismissed or disciplined for surreptitiously tape-recording conversations in violation of General Order 14.3.12, even though similar past violations had been committed by a different officer or officers and were known to have been committed by the Department's Division of Internal Affairs and the Department's command staff.16 Although not specifically denominated as such by Roorda during the hearing, the City correctly points out that he was attempting to lay the foundation for a claim of “selective enforcement.” However, even if Roorda's proffered evidence of selective enforcement were to have been admitted, found credible, and deemed outcome-determinative by the Board (a very unlikely scenario, in our view), it is extremely doubtful whether selective enforcement is a viable defense in civil cases like this one. As the Missouri Supreme Court observed in State ex inf. Attorney General v. Shull, 887 S.W.2d 397 (Mo. banc 1994):
Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 6 S.Ct. 1064, 30 L.Ed. 220 (1886), recognizes the selective enforcement defense rooted in the equal protection clause in criminal cases. This, however, is a civil case. Neither [the appellant] nor our independent research identifies a single appellate decision in which a court has accepted the defense of selective enforcement in a civil action.
Id. at 401 (internal citations omitted).17 Furthermore, in the criminal context, the U.S. Supreme Court has held that “the conscious exercise of some selectivity in enforcement is not in itself a federal constitutional violation.” Oyler v. Boles, 368 U.S. 448, 456, 82 S.Ct. 501, 506, 7 L.Ed.2d 446 (1962). A criminal defendant's proof of a policy of selective enforcement must show “that the selection was deliberately based upon an unjustifiable standard such as race, religion, or other arbitrary classification.” Id.; see also State v. Watts, 601 S.W.2d 617, 621 (Mo.1980). Inasmuch as Roorda's claim is based on events which were alleged to have occurred before Chief Fredeking became the City's Chief of Police, at best he has alleged “no more than a failure to prosecute others because of a lack of knowledge of their prior offenses. This does not deny equal protection due petitioners under the Fourteenth Amendment.” Oyler, 368 U.S. at 456, 82 S.Ct. at 506. For all these reasons, the Board also properly excluded the evidence of selective prosecution offered by Roorda. Point denied.
III.
In his third point, Roorda argues that the Board's decision must be reversed because he was denied procedural due process and his right to a fair hearing, in that he was not given an opportunity to make certain offers of proof during the hearing, as required by § 536.070(7), which states that, in any contested case:
Evidence to which an objection is sustained shall, at the request of the party seeking to introduce the same, or at the instance of the agency, nevertheless be heard and preserved in the record, together with any cross-examination with respect thereto and any rebuttal thereof, unless it is wholly irrelevant, repetitious, privileged, or unduly long.
We disagree.
The City argues that the Board did not err in refusing to accept Roorda's offers of proof because under the express terms of § 536.070(7), they are not required to be received as to evidence which is “wholly irrelevant, repetitious, privileged, or unduly long.” The evidence about which Roorda complains, claims the City, falls within one or more of those exclusions since (1) it was wholly irrelevant; (2) it would require the Board to examine the private, closed personnel records of Department employees other than Roorda; and (3) it would have taken an unduly long amount of time to receive the evidence concerning other allegedly similar incidents of prohibited but unpunished secretly-recorded conversations, and to establish the proper foundation as to whether they were sufficiently similar to be even remotely material and probative.
Roorda's brief makes it clear that the evidence about which he complains in this point is the same as that referred to in his second point. As illustrated by our discussion of that point, the nature and extent of this excluded evidence was sufficiently explained and preserved for appellate review during the hearing, either in the testimony that was presented or in the numerous narrative and documentary offers of proof and other statements Roorda's attorney was permitted to make during the hearing before the Board. We have already held that this evidence was properly excluded by the Board as “irrelevant” under § 536.070(8). Since it was “wholly irrelevant” under § 536.070(7) as well, the Board did not abuse its discretion or otherwise err in refusing Roorda's requests to make further offers of proof. Point denied.
IV.
In his fourth and final point, Roorda argues that the circuit court abused its discretion in denying his “Motion to Include Evidence Improperly Excluded” by the Board during the hearing because procedural irregularities and acts of unfairness by an administrative agency require that additional evidence be presented before the court reviewing the agency decision, in that the Board's actions denied him the opportunity to present evidence and make offers of proof in violation of due process standards and these procedural irregularities warranted the submission of additional evidence before the court. We disagree.
Once again, Roorda's brief makes it clear that the evidence about which Roorda complains in this point is the same as that referred to in his second and third points. As we have already held that this evidence was properly excluded by the Board under §§ 536.070(8) and 536.070(7), the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in denying Roorda's motion to supplement the record with that evidence.18 Point denied.
Conclusion
For all of the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court sustaining the decision of the Board upholding Roorda's dismissal is affirmed.
FOOTNOTES
1. All statutory references are to RSMo 2000.
2. As a full-time commissioned police officer employed by a third-class city which has adopted a merit system police department, Roorda was not an at-will employee, but was entitled to a public hearing before the Board upon being suspended, demoted, or discharged for misbehavior or inefficiency. See § 85.541.
3. For jurisdictional purposes, we note that although this case arose out of Jefferson County, which is within the territorial jurisdiction of the Eastern District of this court, § 477.050, Roorda was authorized to file his petition for judicial review of the Board's decision in, among other possible venues, the Circuit Court of Cole County. § 536.110.3. Cole County is, of course, within territorial jurisdiction of the Western District, which gives this court jurisdiction of the appeal. § 477.070.
4. General Order 74.4 states: “False reporting shall not be tolerated and shall be subject to disciplinary action.”
5. At the time of the hearing before the Board, Dale Fredeking was no longer a City employee. Neither the City nor Roorda called him as a witness, although, as noted by the Board's hearing officer, he could have been subpoenaed by either party.
6. The record reflects that from May 22 through June 20, 2001 (the day he was fired), Roorda nevertheless took sick leave.
7. General Order 14.3.12 states that unbecoming conduct is “[a]ny conduct unbecoming to a member which is contrary to the good order and discipline of the department. For example, [this] shall include but not be limited to: ․ Electronically recording the conversation of another Department member or a member of the public without that person's prior knowledge unless otherwise approved by General Order 24.9.2 or unless done in conjunction with a sanctioned investigation in which the said surreptitious recording is specifically authorized and approved in advance of the recording by the Shift Commander, the Chief of Police or Commander of Uniform Services.”
8. General Order 14.2.4 states that an “Officer of the Department is guilty of violating policy if he: knowingly signs any false, misleading, or inaccurate police report, record, return, regulation, order or other document” or “[k]nowingly makes any other false, misleading or inaccurate official statement concerning any citizen or fellow member of the Department.”
9. The referenced portion of General Order 32.8 states: “When a recommendation is made for reduction in rank or termination or disciplinary suspension, the Chief of Police shall notify the member of specifications and charges. The member will be notified that he has ten (10) days to make a decision as to whether to accept the recommended discipline or request a hearing before the Police Personnel Board.”
10. General Order 32.10 further defines a “charge” as “a specific offense alleged to have been committed by the accused,” and a “specification” as a “statement of specific facts upon which a charge is based. Such statement shall be in plain and concise language, giving the name and rank of the accused, the time and place of the alleged offense and the circumstances relating hereto.”
11. Roorda's heavy reliance on Jones v. City of Jennings, 23 S.W.3d 801 (Mo.App. E.D.2000) is misplaced. In Jones, the “notice” provided to the appellant was not addressed to him, did not specify the reasons he was fired, and merely laid out the reasons the City Council was considering his termination. Id. at 804-05. None of those circumstances are present here.
12. Indeed, on the first day of the hearing before the Board and before any witnesses were called, counsel for the City stated that “if [Roorda] does not believe that he was given adequate notice, ․ we would consent to a continuance if he desires one, but if he doesn't desire one, we're ready to proceed today.” Roorda's attorney declined to request a continuance, agreeing with the Board's hearing officer that his client “wants to go forward and has no interest in any continuance.”
13. The Board permitted limited testimony from Roorda and Mrs. Fredeking concerning the specific contents of the May 22 telephone call and the May 23 memorandum. When Roorda sought the admission of the memorandum itself into evidence, the Board refused his request.
14. The Board refused Roorda's requests to be given a copy of Lt. Schweitzer's report, the existence of which was not known to Roorda prior to the hearing, and to question him further about its contents. The Board also refused Roorda's request that the report, which was in Lt. Schweitzer's possession during the hearing, be marked and admitted into the record, as either an exhibit or for the purposes of an offer of proof.
15. In arguing to the contrary, Roorda once again relies on Jones v. City of Jennings, 23 S.W.3d 801 (Mo.App. E.D.2000). Once again, however, that reliance is misplaced. In Jones, the Eastern District distinguished Heinen on the grounds that the evidence sought to be introduced by the appellant (Jones), which concerned his alleged suspected involvement in a leak of information harmful to the police department to a local news station, was “more relevant” than that in Heinen because it bore “on the motive of the individual bringing the charges” against Jones and tended “to explain the paucity of other evidence supporting Jones's termination.” Id. at 805. As such, the Eastern District held, Jones could have used evidence concerning the leak “to question the authenticity of the charges against him,” and the City denied him procedural due process by not admitting it. Id. at 806. In the case at bar, however, there is no “paucity of other evidence” supporting Roorda's termination and, therefore, no reason to believe that the charges against him were not “authentic.”
16. The record shows that the prior tape-recording incidents about which the witnesses would have testified did not involve Roorda and occurred in or before June 1997, which was before Dale Fredeking became the City's Chief of Police.
17. The Court in Shull went on to say that although it was not deciding the scope of the defense or its applicability in criminal or civil cases in this state,we nevertheless hold that selective enforcement is not a defense in a quo warranto action seeking to enforce sanctions for violations of constitutional prohibitions by public officials․ Under the constitution, the relevant inquiry is limited to whether, by virtue of her office, a public official participated in appointing a relative within the prohibited degree of relationship to public office. If that inquiry is answered in the affirmative, the motivations for the Attorney General's actions are inconsequential.Id. While we decline to decide whether the defense is viable in a civil action where the decision of an administrative body upholding the termination of a public employee is challenged, we note that to accept Roorda's argument would be to hold that regardless of the circumstances, unless the City's Chief of Police disciplines all officers who violate General Order 14.3.12, he may not discipline any. See Mechanic v. Gruensfelder, 461 S.W.2d 298, 316 (Mo.App. E.D.1970).
18. Although the circuit court was sitting as a court of review vis-à-vis the Board's decision, Roorda's motion did not request relief in the form of a remand to the Board with directions that it reconsider his case in the light of the evidence he claimed was improperly excluded by the Board. See § 536.140.4. Instead, the motion requested that (1) the circuit court receive and examine the evidence in camera to determine whether it was improperly excluded from the record of Roorda's hearing; and (2) if so, that it be admitted into the record for the circuit court's further review and consideration. We need not and do not decide whether Roorda's motion was authorized under §§ 536.140.3 and/or 536.140.4, as claimed by Roorda and vigorously denied by the City.
JOSEPH M. ELLIS, Chief Judge.
All concur